Non-verbal Communication Flashcards
Non-verbal comm…
- using messages other than words to create meaning. 60-90% of our daily comm are non-verbal.
- includes behaviours ie: facial expressions, gestures, things you hear ie: vocal volume or the speed of talking, non-word vocalisations.
- verbal and non-verbal essential for effective interactions with others.
…
Repeating - sending same message verbally and non-verbally.
Emphasising - use of non-verbal cues to strengthen verbal messages.
Complementing - using non-verb and verbal cues to add meaning to each other and to expand meaning.
Contradicting - sending verbal and non-verbal messages that conflict.
Substituting - using non-verbal codes instead of verbal codes.
Regulating - using non-verbal codes to monitor and control interactions with others.
Non-verbal cues…
- body movements
- physical attraction
- facial expressions
- use of time
- touch
- vocal cues
- clothing
- artifacts
Kinesics…
- study of bodily movements ie: posture, gestures and facial expressions.
Albert Mehrabian
- Studies non-verb comm
- by examining the concept of liking, status and responsiveness among participants.
Ekman Friesen
- emblems - non-verb movements substituting words and phrases
- illustrators - non-verb movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages
- affect display - non-verb movements of the face and body used to show emotion
- regulators - non-verb movements that control flow or pace of comm
- Adaptors - unintended touching, manipulation of the body or artifacts to fulfil physical and psychological needs.
Physical attraction…
- important non-verbal attribute
- attractiveness, race, weight etc
- wealth - designer labels
- cleanliness and personal grooming - dirty or scruffy clothes
- taste - tailored suits, pre-owned clothes
- sex - revealing clothes
- religious beliefs - catholic cross, hijab
- affiliation - political party badge
Space…
- proxemics - study of human use of space and distance
- territoriality - ‘my chair’
- people of power are more likely to invade others’ personal space
- markers - fences, bushes, around homes, gates.
Time…
- chronemics - how people organise time and the messages that are created due to their organisation and use of that time.
- monochronic - doing one thing at one time
- monochronic cultures - value orderliness and sense of there being an appropriate time and place, they do not appreciate interruptions.
- polychronic - multitasking
Touch
- haptics - interaction involving touch.
- tactile communication - use of touch in communication.
Touch indicates…
- power and intimacy
- social ritual - shaking hands etc
- men touch women more
- women are more likely to be touched
- higher status people touch lower status people
Paralanguage and vocal cues…
- paralinguistic features - non-word sounds and non-word characteristics of language ie: pitch, volume.
- vocal cues - oral aspects of sound except words themselves
- pitch - highness or lowness of voice
- rate - pace of speech
Cont…
- inflection - variety or changes in pitch
- volume - loudness and softness of voice
- quality - huskiness, nasality, raspiness, whininess.
- non-word sounds - ‘huh’, ‘ahh’ and pauses or absence of sounds used for effect
- pronunciation - saying words correctly or incorrectly
- articulation - coordination of mouth, tongue and teeth to make words understandable to others.
- enunciation - combining pronunciation and articulate to produce a word with clarity and distinction.
Cont..
- silence - lack of sound
- pregnant pause - a pause that builds up suspension in the listener/viewer.
Clothing and artifacts..
Clothing and artifacts provide physical and psychological protection and communicate age, gender, class and status.
- objectics - aka object language - the study of the human use of clothing and artifacts as non-verbal codes.
- artifacts - ornaments and adornments you display that hold communicative potential ie: jewellery, tattoos, cars etc.
Gestures…
- anger - clenched fists, white knuckles
- anxiety - fidgeting, wringing the hands.
The face
- can convey a myriad of feelings
- affect blend
- the importance of smiling
- pokerface - not always easy to read
- deadpan expression - can display disinterest
Micro-expressions …
- often missed or misinterpreted
- last less than 1 sec
- display a concealed emotion
- occurs in everyone unintentionally
- non-preventable
- learning to detect this leakage is critical for emotional intelligence and deception.
The eyes…
- eye contact - oculesics
- can be used as a form of persuasion
- intimacy/closeness vs power
- used mostly by women
- men use it to convey power or to challenge
- in some cultures, lowered eyes convey respect
Garrido 2004…
- people assume that a person who has a baby face act childishly and treat them like children
- baby faces - more honest, truthful, weaker, more submissive, naive and warmer
- facial maturity - dishonesty
Navarro 2012
- guilt knowledge - body movements are restricted, body tension, furrowed forehead, immobile arms, physical distance.
- fear, guilt, shame, excitement create responses that can’t be controlled
- palms down and fingers spread - dominant confidence display
- palms up - wanting to be believed
- cathartic breathing - long exhale.
