non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 1

what are the pharmacological properties of NAIDs?

Answer 1

to decrease inflammation
to relieve mild to moderate pain
to decrease elevated body temp associated with fever
to decrease blood clotting by inhibiting platelet aggregation

Question 2

what are mediators of fever and pain?

Answer 2

prostaglandin
thromboxanes

Question 3

what is a PFA or platelet activating factor?

Answer 3

phsophatidylcholine

Question 4

pro inflammatory but seem to be more important in mediating airway inflammation in conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis

Answer 4

LT or leukotriene

Question 5

a group of lipid like compounds that exhibit a wide range of physiological activities

every type of living cell can produce it, except for RBCs

Answer 5

PG = prostoglandin

Question 6

what type of cells tend to increase the production of prostaglandins?

Answer 6

cells subjected to various types of trauma or disturbances in homeostasis

Question 7

which prostaglandins are responsible for increasing blood flow during inflammation?

Answer 7

PGE2 is responsible for increasing local blood flow and capillary permeability

Question 8

how do prostaglandins help mediate painful stimuli?

Answer 8

increases the sensitivity of pain receptors to mechanical pressure

Question 9

how do prostaglandins mediate fever?

Answer 9

alter thermo-regulatory set point (help raise body temperature)

Question 10

what is dysmenorrhea?

Answer 10

painful cramps that accompany menstruation

Question 11

what is thrombus formation?

Answer 11

TXA2 causes platelet aggregations that result in blood clot formation

Question 12

a normal cell component that synthesizes PG to help regulate and maintain cell activity

Answer 12

COX-1

Question 13

an emergency enzyme that synthesizes PG in response to cell injury (pain and inflammation)

Answer 13

COX-2

Question 14

what are examples of COX inhibitors?

Answer 14

aspirin and other NSAIDs

Question 15

what does it mean when aspirin and other traditional NSAIDS are nonselective?

Answer 15

they inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes

Question 16

true or false: COX-2 inhibitors are better.

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what is the original (prototypical) NSAID, >100 years old, inexpensive, and w/o prescription?

Answer 17

aspirin

Question 18

true or false: aspirin is a powerful and effective inhibitor of only COX-2

Answer 18

false: it is inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2

Question 19

prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene are often referred to as _____.

Answer 19

eicosanoids

Question 20

what enzymes are synthesized from the cyclooxygenase pathway (COX)?

Answer 20

prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Question 21

what enzyme is synthesized from the lipoxygenase system?

Answer 21

leukotrienes

Question 22

a drug that inhibits COX will also inhibit the formation of what enzymes in that cell?

Answer 22

prostoglandins and thromboxanes

Question 23

NSAIDS and aspirin are what kind of inhibitors? (COX or LOX)

Answer 23

COX

Question 24

leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory but also are important in mediating what other aspect?

Answer 24

airway inflammation in conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis

Question 25

what prostaglandins produce vasodilation?

Answer 25

PGIs and PGEs

Question 26

what prostaglandin along with thromboxanes are vasoconstrictors?

Answer 26

PGF

Question 27

overproduction of COX-2 prostaglandins is linked to what chronic conditions?

Answer 27

chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other certain cancers

Question 28

nonselective NSAIDS and aspirin decrease pain and inflammation by inhibiting what enzyme?

Answer 28

COX-2

Question 29

why is it treating fever in children contraindicated?

Answer 29

causes Reye syndrome

Question 30

what is frequently used as a nonprescription antipyretic NSAID in both adults and children?

Answer 30

ibuprofen

Question 31

how does aspirin prevent heart attacks or other vascular disorders?

Answer 31

inhibits platelet-induced thrombus formation through its ability to inhibit thromboxane biosynthesis in coronary arteries

Question 32

how does aspirin prevent tumor growth? (2 ways)

Answer 32

inhibit COX-2 enzyme in susceptible tissues and inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins that would otherwise cause abnormal cell division in these tissues

inhibit platelet activation

Question 33

how does aspirin and NSAIDS cause GI damage?

Answer 33

since they are non-selective, they inhibit the production of protective prostaglandins in the stomach and render the stomach more susceptible to damage

Question 34

what are some strategies to manage GI problems caused by NSAIDS or aspirin?

Answer 34

enteric coated aspirin
taking with meals

(both may delay the onset of analgesic effects to relieve acute pain)

Question 35

true or false: COX-2 selective drugs has a much lower incidence of gastric irritation than aspirin like drugs

Answer 35

true

Question 36

why are patients who are at risk for prolonged bleeding and bruising preferred to take COX-2 selective drugs?

Answer 36

COX-2 inhibitors spare the production of thromboxanes, thus allowing normal platelet activity and less chance of excessive bleeding

Question 37

is acetaminophen considered a NSAID?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

what is a major advantage of acetaminophen?

Answer 38

less upper GI irritation

Question 39

true or false: acetaminophen treats INFLAMMATORY mild to moderate pain

Answer 39

false: it is not a NSAIDS because it does not have anti-inflammatory properties

it only treats non-inflammatory mild to moderate pain