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Bio 6: Infection, Immunity and Forensics > Non-Specific Immune Response > Flashcards

Non-Specific Immune Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can pathogens enter the body? - 4

A
  • Cuts in skin
  • Digestive system in contaminated food and drink
  • Respiratory system - inhalation
  • Other mucosal surfaces - inside of mouth/nose/genitals
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2
Q

List 6 natural barriers to pathogens

A
  • Stomach Acid
  • Skin
  • Skin Flora
  • Gut Flora
  • Lysozymes
  • Epithelial cells
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3
Q

How does stomach acid work as a barrier?

A

The low pH destroys bacteria

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4
Q

What type of acid is stomach acid?

A

HCl

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5
Q

What pH is stomach acid?

A

Less than 2

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6
Q

How could pathogens still cause disease in spite of stomach acid?

A

Could survive and pass into intestines and invade the cells of the gut wall

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7
Q

How does skin work as a barrier?

A
  • It itself is a physical barrier

- Any cuts/damage sealed by blood clotting

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8
Q

How does skin flora work as a barrier? 3

A
  • Harmless bacteria prevent colonisation of pathogens as they are well adapted to the skin environment
  • Compete with pathogens for nutrients and space
  • Limit pathogen numbers
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9
Q

How does gut flora work as a barrier?

A

Same as skin flora - harmless bacteria competitively excluding pathogens

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10
Q

How and where are lysosomes produced?

A

Musocal surfaces produce secretins containing lysozymes

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of secretins containing lysozymes.

A
  • Tears
  • Saliva
  • Mucus
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12
Q

How do lysozymes work as a natural barrier?

A

Lysozymes damage bacterial cell walls - causing them to burst open in lysis

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13
Q

How do epithelial cells work as a natural barrier?

A

They transport bacteria trapped in mucus to the throat where it is swallowed into stomach acid

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14
Q

Define non specific immune response

A

Fast immune response to all pathogens regardless of antigen

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15
Q

What is the advantage of the non-specific immune response?

A

Immediate and quick

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16
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The site where the pathogen enters - infection site - is red swollen and painful

17
Q

How does inflammation occur?

A
  • Damaged white blood cells and mast cells detect foreign antigens
  • Releases histamines
  • These trigger inflammation
18
Q

Where are histamines released and produced?

A

Locally to the infection site

19
Q

What 2 things does inflammation cause?

A
  • Increased permeability of blood vessels

- Vasodilation

20
Q

How does vasodilation help the immune response?

A

Increased blood flow in capillaries to infected site - more WBCs to fight infection

21
Q

How does increased permeability of blood vessels help the immune response?

A

WBCs and antibodies leak out into tissue to fight pathogens

22
Q

What type of substance is an interferon?

A

A protein

23
Q

Where are interferons produced?

A

From cells infected with viruses

24
Q

How do interferons help combat viruses?

A
  • Diffuses to surrounding cells
  • Inhibiting viral replication
  • Inhibiting production of viral proteins
25
Q

Other than combating viruses, how else do interferons help in immune response?

A
  • Activates WBCs e.g T Cells involved in specific immune response
  • Promotes other mechanisms of non specific immune response e.g inflammation
26
Q

Define phagocyte

A

A white blood cell engulfing pathogens and destroying them using lysozymes

27
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Organelle containing digestive enzymes e.g lysozymes

28
Q

Describe the mechanism of phagocytosis.

A
  • Phagocyte recognises antigens on the pathogen
  • The cytoplasm of the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen
  • Pathogen contained in phagocytic vacuole
  • Lysosome fuses with vacuole
  • Enzymes break down pathogen
  • Phagocytes present pathogen’s antigens on its surface
  • Becomes an antigen presenting cell - APC
  • Activates other immune system cells

Bio 6: Infection, Immunity and Forensics (11 decks)

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