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Research (PS6) (Midterm) > NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING > Flashcards

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Flashcards

1
Q

methods rely on random selection, ensuring that each member of the population has a known, nonzero chance of being included in the sample. This randomness minimizes bias and allows researchers to generalize findings to
the larger population.

A

Probability sampling

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2
Q

It is based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather
than random selection
▪ It is carried out by observation, and researchers use it widely
for qualitative research.

A

Non-Probability
Sampling

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2
Q

are used when researchers
cannot randomly select participants, often due to logistical
constraints or the nature of the research question. These
methods rely on the researcher’s judgment and specific criteria
to select participants, rather than random chance

A

Non-probability sampling methods

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2
Q

Is the cornerstone of quantitative
research, where the goal is to make statistically valid inferences
about a population based on the sample data.

A

Probability sampling

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3
Q

are methods used to select a sample (a subset of a population) for
research. However, they differ significantly in how they
approach participant selection, leading to distinct advantages,
disadvantages, and applications.

A

Non/
Probability
Sampling

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4
Q

Give me the 16 Types of Non-probability Sampling

A

Maximum Variation
Sampling

Critical Case
Sampling

Homogenous
Sampling

Theory-Based
Sampling

Confirming and
Disconfirming Cases

Snowball or Chain
Sampling

Extreme or Deviant
Case Sampling

Typical Case
Sampling

Intensity Sampling

Politically Important
Cases

Random Purposeful
Sampling

Stratified Purposeful
Sampling

Criterion Sampling

Opportunistic
Sampling

Combination or
Mixed Sampling

Convenience
Sampling

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5
Q

This technique aims to capture a wide range of
perspectives and experiences by selecting participants
who represent diverse characteristics or viewpoints.
The goal is to maximize the variation within the sample
to gain a comprehensive understanding of the
phenomenon being studied.

A

Maximum Variation
Sampling

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6
Q

How to employ the maximum variation sampling method?

A
  1. Identify key characteristics that contribute to variation in the phenomenon of interest.
  2. Select participants who represent a wide range of these
    characteristics.
  3. Continue selecting participants until you reach a point where new participants are not providing significantly different perspectives
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6
Q

This technique involves selecting cases that are crucial
for understanding a particular phenomenon or theory.
These cases are often considered “typical” or
representative of a larger population

A

Critical Case
Sampling

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7
Q

How to employ the critical case sampling method?

A
  1. Identify cases that are considered critical for understanding the
    phenomenon or theory.
  2. Select these cases for in-depth study.
  3. Ensure that the selected cases are representative of the larger
    population or phenomenon.
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8
Q

This method focuses on selecting participants who
share similar characteristics or experiences. It is useful
for in-depth exploration of a specific group or
phenomenon.

A

Homogenous
Sampling

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9
Q

How to employ Homogenous sampling method?

A
  1. Define the specific characteristic or experience that defines the homogenous group.
  2. Select participants who share this characteristic or experience.
  3. Ensure that the sample size is sufficient for in-depth analysis
    of the shared characteristic or experience
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10
Q

This method involves selecting participants based on
their relevance to a specific theory or framework. The
researcher chooses cases that can either support or
challenge the existing theory

A

Theory-Based
Sampling

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11
Q

How to employ the Theory-Based
Sampling method?

A
  1. Identify the key concepts and propositions of the theory.
  2. Select participants who represent different aspects of these
    concepts and propositions.
  3. Analyze the data to determine how the participants’
    experiences support or challenge the theory
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12
Q

This technique involves selecting participants who
either confirm or disconfirm a particular hypothesis or
theory. The researcher seeks to identify cases that
support the hypothesis and cases that contradict it.

A

Confirming and
Disconfirming Cases

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13
Q

How to employ the confirming and disconfirming cases?

A
  1. Formulate a hypothesis or theory.
  2. Select participants who represent both confirming and
    disconfirming cases of the hypothesis or theory.
  3. Analyze the data to determine the extent to which the
    participants’ experiences support or contradict the hypothesis or theory.
14
Q

How to employ the snowball or chain sampling?

A
  1. Identify a few initial participants who meet the study criteria.
  2. Ask these participants to refer other individuals who also meet
    the criteria.
  3. Continue this process until the desired sample size is reached.
14
Q

This technique involves selecting participants who
represent extreme or unusual cases of the
phenomenon being studied. These cases can provide
valuable insights into the boundaries or limits of a
phenomenon.

A

Extreme or deviant case sampling

15
Q

This method involves starting with a small group of
participants and then asking them to refer other
individuals who fit the study criteria. It is useful for
reaching hard-to-reach populations or those with
specific characteristics.

A

Snowball or Chain
Sampling

16
Q

How to employ the method of extreme or deviant case sampling?

A
  1. Identify the extreme or deviant cases of the phenomenon of
    interest.
  2. Select these cases for in-depth study.
  3. Analyze the data to understand the unique characteristics and
    experiences of these extreme cases.
17
Q

This method involves selecting participants who
represent the average or typical case of the
phenomenon being studied. It is useful for gaining a
general understanding of a phenomenon

A

Typical Case
Sampling

18
Q

How to employ typical sampling method?

A
  1. Define the characteristics of a typical case of the phenomenon.
  2. Select participants who exhibit these characteristics.
  3. Analyze the data to understand the common experiences and
    perspectives of typical cases
19
Q

This method involves selecting participants who are
considered influential or important in a particular
political context. These cases can provide insights into
the dynamics of power and influence in a particular
setting.

A

Politically Important
Cases

20
Q

This technique involves selecting participants randomly
from a specific population that is relevant to the
research question. It is a combination of random
sampling and purposeful sampling

A

Random Purposeful
Sampling

20
Q

How to employ the method of political important case?

A
  1. Identify individuals who are politically influential or
    important.
  2. Select these individuals for in-depth study.
  3. Analyze the data to understand how these individuals’
    perspectives and actions influence the political landscape.
21
Q

This technique involves selecting participants who
represent different levels of intensity of the
phenomenon being studied. The researcher seeks to
understand how the phenomenon varies across
different levels of intensity

A

Intensity Sampling

21
Q

How to employ the intensiity sampling?

A
  1. Identify the different levels of intensity of the phenomenon.
  2. Select participants who represent each level of intensity.
  3. Analyze the data to understand how the phenomenon varies
    across different levels of intensity
22
Q

How to employ random purposeful sampling method?

A
  1. Define the specific population of interest.
  2. Use random sampling techniques to select participants from
    this population.
  3. Ensure that the sample size is sufficient to represent the
    population
23
Q

This method involves dividing the population into
subgroups based on specific characteristics and then
selecting participants randomly from each subgroup. It
is a combination of stratified sampling and purposeful
sampling.

A

Stratified Purposeful
Sampling

24
Q

How to employ the statified purposeful sampling method?

A
  1. Divide the population into subgroups based on relevant
    characteristics.
  2. Use random sampling techniques to select participants from
    each subgroup.
  3. Ensure that the sample size for each subgroup is proportional
    to its representation in the population
25
Q

This technique involves selecting participants who meet
specific criteria or qualifications. The researcher sets
specific criteria for inclusion in the sample

A

Criterion Sampling

26
Q

How to employ the Criterion sampling?

A
  1. Define the specific criteria for inclusion in the sample.
  2. Select participants who meet these criteria.
  3. Ensure that the sample size is sufficient to provide meaningful
    data.
27
Q

How to employ opportunistic sampling method?

A
  1. Be open to unexpected opportunities to recruit participants.
  2. Evaluate the potential of each opportunity to contribute to the
    research question.
  3. Select participants who meet the study criteria and are
    available
27
Q

This method involves selecting participants based on
opportunities that arise during the research process.
The researcher takes advantage of unexpected
opportunities to recruit participants.

A

Opportunistic
Sampling

28
Q

This technique involves using multiple sampling
methods in a single study. The researcher combines
different methods to achieve a more comprehensive
and representative sample.

A

Combination or minxed sampling

29
Q

How to employ Combination or mixed sampling method?

A
  1. Identify the different aspects of the research question that
    require different sampling methods.
  2. Combine the selected sampling methods to create a sample
    that addresses all aspects of the research question.
  3. Ensure that the combined methods create a representative
    sample that reflects the diversity of the population.
30
Q

This method involves selecting participants who are
easily accessible to the researcher. It is the least
rigorous and most prone to bias of all non-probability
sampling techniques.

A

Convenience sampling

31
Q

How to employ Convenience sampling method?

A
  1. Select participants who are easily accessible to the researcher.
  2. No attempt is made to ensure representativeness.

Research (PS6) (Midterm) (4 decks)

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