NON-NURSING THEORIES Flashcards by michaela gail

According to systems theory, the organization of a healthcare system affects patient ___ and health

Safety

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are the internal sub-units of the organization that do not interact with the external environment

Closed systems

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are internal subunits that interact with other systems (or sub-units within other systems) that are outside of the organization

Open systems

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an Austrian biologist and systems theorist known for developing General Systems Theory

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

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It is processed by the system in order to obtain the desired output.

Inputs

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It is the process that occurs to transform the inputs to the desired outputs

Throughputs

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It is the end product of the processing by the system

Outputs

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It is the process through which the output is returned to the system

Feedback

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Systems theory encourages nurses to view patients as holistic entities, considering their physical, psychological, social, and environmental dimensions

Holistic patient care

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Nursing often involves collaboration with various healthcare professionals.

Interdisciplinary collaboration

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Systems theory encourages nurses to go beyond treating symptoms and to identify and address the root causes of health issues.

Identifying root causes

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Nurses can anticipate and respond to changes within complex healthcare systems effectively.

Adapting to change

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By considering the entire patient system, nurses can tailor care plans to individual needs and preferences, improving patient satisfaction and outcomes.

Patient-centered care

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Nurses always want to do their best. Adopting a systems theory will improve the quality of nursing care provided to patients

Quality improvement

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It encourages nurses to engage in research that addresses multifaceted issues and advances nursing knowledge

Education and research

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German-American social psychologist. Also called the father of social psychology

Kurt Lewin

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proposes that individuals and groups of individuals are influenced by restraining forces and driving forces

Change theory

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3 stages of the change theory

Unfreeze, Change, and Refreeze

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It involves preparing the organization for change by creating a sense of urgency, communicating the vision and benefits of change, and overcoming resistance and inertia

Unfreeze

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Also known as transition stage. It is where “movement” happens

Change

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“Reinforcing, stabilizing, and solidifying the new state after the change”. This is where the newly learned skills and behaviors become permanent

Refreeze

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Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

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libido, the driving force of human behavior

Sexual energy

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Psychosexual stage where the mouth and lips take on an erotic charge on a child from birth to 1 yr old

Oral phase

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The first sexual object during the oral phase

Mother’s breast

Oral phase’s major site of enjoyment

Mouth

Psychosexual stage where children find pleasure inboth the retention of feces and defacation

Anal phase

Age range of anal phase

1-3 years old

Main goal during anal phase

toilet training

3rd stage of the psychosexual development

Phallic stage

True or false: during the phallic stage, the child learns to realize the differences between males and females

True

son's sexual attitude towards his mother and concomitant hostility toward his father

Oedpus complex

a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father

Electra complex

Pyschosexual stage where children’s libido (energy) appears to be diverted into concrete thinking such as school activities

Latency phase

“chum period” refers to

having a close friend / bestfriend

Psychosexual stage where the ego and supergeo are now fully developed

Genital stage

Main goal of the genital stage

Establishing new sexual aims

German-American psychoanalyst best known for his teory of psychosocial development

Erik Erikson

This theory looks at how social influences contribute to our personalities throughout our entire lifespans

Psychosocial development

This is the stage where children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.

Trust vs mistrust

In what age does trust vs mistrust develop?

0-1 years old / infancy

This is the stage where toddlers start to develop a greater sense of self- control and have the independence to learn new things by themselves.

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Autonomy vs shame and doubt occurs during what age?

1-3 years old / early childhood

This is the stage where children become more assertive of their actions and have the chance to make their own decisions

Initiative vs guillt

Age where initiative vs guilt happens?

3-6 years old / play age

In this stage, children develop new skills and abilities. Children begin to develop pride in having accomplishments and require encouragement from teachers and parents

Industry vs inferiority

At what age does industry vs inferiority develop?

7-11 years old / school age

This is the stage where teenagers start to explore their independence to develop a sense of self. This is where most teenagers have conflicts with themselves and tend to search for their own personal identity.

Identity vs role confusion

Age of identity vs role confusion?

12-18 years old / adolescence

Young adults in this stage are motivated to form intimate relationships and explore personal relationships.

Intimacy vs isolation

Intimacy vs isolation occurs at what age?

19-29 years old / early adulthood

Middle-aged individuals attempt to build or nurture something that will last, frequently by raising children or encouraging beneficial social change

Generativity vs stagnation

At what age does generativity vs stagnation happen?

30-64 years old / middle age

The main struggle of this stage is whether or not the person has had a meaningful, satisfying life. They reflect on their achievements in their lives and are ready to meet their end with a sense of peace

Integrity vs despair

Integrity vs despair occurs to people ages?

65-death / older adulthood

Swiss psychologist who was one of the 20th century’s most influencial researchers in the area of developmental psychology

Jean Piaget

concerned with the development of a person’s thought process, mainly how children learn as they grow older; emphasizing that “children think differently than adults”

Cognitive development theory

Stage of cognitive theory where behaviors of infants are limited to simple motor responses (reaching, grasping) caused by sensory stimuli (seeing, hearing)

Sensorimotor

Realize that objects exist even if they are out of sight

Object permanance

In this stage, children think symbolically because they have an active imagination

Preoperational

treating inanimate objects as living ones

Animism

During the preoperational stage, children’s thoughts are typically ___ as they are unable to take the point of view of other people.

egocentric

Children in this stage often gain a better understanding of mental operations and also recognize cause-and-effect relationships

Concrete operational

During the concrete operational stage, children begin thinking ___

logically

True or false: reasoning during the concrete operational stage is deductive

False - it is inductive reasoning

This cognitive stage is characterized by a young person’s ability to think abstractly

Formal operational

Type of reasoning during the formal operational stage?

Deductive

examines how people's capacities for moral thinking and ethical decision-making change throughout the course of a person's development

Moral development theory

Who developed the moral development theory

Lawrence Kohlberg

At this point, people base their moral decisions primarily on avoiding punishment and pursuing rewards

Obedience and Punishment Orientation

At this level, people start to think about their own interests and the notion of reciprocity in moral decision-making

Individualism and Exchange Orientation

At this point, people begin to place a higher premium on upholding healthy social relationships and following societal norms and expectations rather than self-interest and external regulations as their moral focus

Good Interpersonal Relationships

In this stage, individuals base their moral reasoning on societal rules, laws, and authority figures. They have now become less concerned about interpersonal consequences and more focused on a broader perspective on maintaining social order

Law and Order Orientation

This stage represents a significant shift from conventional morality, where individuals primarily rely on external rules and authority figures to make moral decisions. Instead, they begin to consider abstract ethical principles and the importance of individual autonomy and societal fairness in their moral reasoning.

Social contract orientation

In this stage, individuals base their moral judgments on abstract, universal ethical principles rather than on societal norms or laws.

Universal ethical principles

An american Psychiatrist who developed the theory of interpersonal interactions in psychiatry

Harry-Stack Sullivan

He believed that anxiety and other psychiatric disorders resulted from fundamental conflicts between individuals in their human surroundings, and that their personality development was shaped by a series of interactions with other people.

Harry-Stack Sullivan

places a major emphasis on how culture, social development, and interpersonal connections all contribute to personality development.

Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry

a group of experiences used to prevent anxiety

Self system

The main characteristic of this stage is the gratification needs

Infancy

Parents are seen as the focal point of acceptance and commendation; A characteristic of delayed gratification

Childhood

Characterized by the formation of a peer group

Juvenile Era

It is characterized by the development of relationships within the same gender; This interest is a more focused connection to select people who end up being their close friends.

Preadolescence

Rely their self worth on other people, with the basis of whether or not they are attractive and accepted by the opposite sex

Early Adolescence

Acquires the capability to form lasting, and intimate relationships

Late Adolescence

Adulthood struggles financial security, career, and family; Relationships and socializing are much easier for adults

Adulthood

First to develop nursing theory after Florence Nightingale

Hildegard E. Peplau

After graduating in Pennsylvania, she worked as a staff nurse in New York City. Peplau established ___

Modern psychiatric nursing

True or false: It is Nightingale who claimed that Nursing is therapeutic

False - It was Peplau

In 1952, Peplau established which theory?

Theory of Interpersonal Relations

According to Peplau, Nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and ___ process

goal-oriented

An entity that strives in its own way to reduce tension generated by needs

Man

A word symbol that implied forward movement of personlaity and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constuctive, productive, personal, and community living

Health

Advice nurses to take the patient’s traditions and culture into account as they become accustomed to hospital life

Society or environment

Human relationship between an individual who is sick, or in need of health services, and a nurse specially educated to recognize and to respond to the need for help

Nursing

Defining the problem and deciding the type of service needed

Orientation phase

Selection of suitable professional assistance

Identification phase

The client makes full use of the services offered.

Explotation phase

Termination of professional relationship

Resolution phase

It welcomes the client in the same way that one would meet a stranger in other life situations, they give each other their preconceived expectations, establishing an accepting welcoming atmosphere that develops trust.

Stranger

The nurse provides a specific and accurate health information in response to a client’s question and aids in the understanding of a problem or new situation

Resource person

A teaching role should identify a patient’s learning needs and preferred method of learning. A nurse should find out what a patient already knows and expand on it.

Teacher

Assists the client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way.

Leader

Who assists to clarify domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence and acts on clients behalf as an advocate.

Surrogate

Helps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances, provides guidance and encouragement to make changes

Counselors

Offers a valuable framework for understanding the nurse-patient relationship and the multifaceted roles that nurses play in healthcare.

Interpersonal Relations theory