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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING > NON-NURSING THEORIES > Flashcards

NON-NURSING THEORIES Flashcards

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1
Q

According to systems theory, the organization of a healthcare system affects patient ___ and health

A

Safety

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2
Q

are the internal sub-units of the organization that do not interact with the external environment

A

Closed systems

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3
Q

are internal subunits that interact with other systems (or sub-units within other systems) that are outside of the organization

A

Open systems

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4
Q

an Austrian biologist and systems theorist known for developing General Systems Theory

A

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

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5
Q

It is processed by the system in order to obtain the desired output.

A

Inputs

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6
Q

It is the process that occurs to transform the inputs to the desired outputs

A

Throughputs

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7
Q

It is the end product of the processing by the system

A

Outputs

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8
Q

It is the process through which the output is returned to the system

A

Feedback

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9
Q

Systems theory encourages nurses to view patients as holistic entities, considering their physical, psychological, social, and environmental dimensions

A

Holistic patient care

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10
Q

Nursing often involves collaboration with various healthcare professionals.

A

Interdisciplinary collaboration

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11
Q

Systems theory encourages nurses to go beyond treating symptoms and to identify and address the root causes of health issues.

A

Identifying root causes

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12
Q

Nurses can anticipate and respond to changes within complex healthcare systems effectively.

A

Adapting to change

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13
Q

By considering the entire patient system, nurses can tailor care plans to individual needs and preferences, improving patient satisfaction and outcomes.

A

Patient-centered care

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14
Q

Nurses always want to do their best. Adopting a systems theory will improve the quality of nursing care provided to patients

A

Quality improvement

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15
Q

It encourages nurses to engage in research that addresses multifaceted issues and advances nursing knowledge

A

Education and research

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16
Q

German-American social psychologist. Also called the father of social psychology

A

Kurt Lewin

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17
Q

proposes that individuals and groups of individuals are influenced by restraining forces and driving forces

A

Change theory

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18
Q

3 stages of the change theory

A

Unfreeze, Change, and Refreeze

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19
Q

It involves preparing the organization for change by creating a sense of urgency, communicating the vision and benefits of change, and overcoming resistance and inertia

A

Unfreeze

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20
Q

Also known as transition stage. It is where “movement” happens

A

Change

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21
Q

“Reinforcing, stabilizing, and solidifying the new state after the change”. This is where the newly learned skills and behaviors become permanent

A

Refreeze

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22
Q

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

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23
Q

libido, the driving force of human behavior

A

Sexual energy

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24
Q

Psychosexual stage where the mouth and lips take on an erotic charge on a child from birth to 1 yr old

A

Oral phase

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25
Q

The first sexual object during the oral phase

A

Mother’s breast

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26
Q

Oral phase’s major site of enjoyment

A

Mouth

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27
Q

Psychosexual stage where children find pleasure inboth the retention of feces and defacation

A

Anal phase

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28
Q

Age range of anal phase

A

1-3 years old

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29
Q

Main goal during anal phase

A

toilet training

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30
Q

3rd stage of the psychosexual development

A

Phallic stage

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31
Q

True or false: during the phallic stage, the child learns to realize the differences between males and females

A

True

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32
Q

son’s sexual attitude towards his mother and concomitant hostility toward his father

A

Oedpus complex

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33
Q

a girl’s psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father

A

Electra complex

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34
Q

Pyschosexual stage where children’s libido (energy) appears to be diverted into concrete thinking such as school activities

A

Latency phase

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35
Q

“chum period” refers to

A

having a close friend / bestfriend

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36
Q

Psychosexual stage where the ego and supergeo are now fully developed

A

Genital stage

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37
Q

Main goal of the genital stage

A

Establishing new sexual aims

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38
Q

German-American psychoanalyst best known for his teory of psychosocial development

A

Erik Erikson

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39
Q

This theory looks at how social influences contribute to our personalities throughout our entire lifespans

A

Psychosocial development

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40
Q

This is the stage where children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.

A

Trust vs mistrust

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41
Q

In what age does trust vs mistrust develop?

A

0-1 years old / infancy

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42
Q

This is the stage where toddlers start to develop a greater sense of self- control and have the independence to learn new things by themselves.

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

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43
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt occurs during what age?

A

1-3 years old / early childhood

44
Q

This is the stage where children become more assertive of their actions and have the chance to make their own decisions

A

Initiative vs guillt

45
Q

Age where initiative vs guilt happens?

A

3-6 years old / play age

46
Q

In this stage, children develop new skills and abilities. Children begin to develop pride in having accomplishments and require encouragement from teachers and parents

A

Industry vs inferiority

47
Q

At what age does industry vs inferiority develop?

A

7-11 years old / school age

48
Q

This is the stage where teenagers start to explore their independence to develop a sense of self. This is where most teenagers have conflicts with themselves and tend to search for their own personal identity.

A

Identity vs role confusion

49
Q

Age of identity vs role confusion?

A

12-18 years old / adolescence

50
Q

Young adults in this stage are motivated to form intimate relationships and explore personal relationships.

A

Intimacy vs isolation

51
Q

Intimacy vs isolation occurs at what age?

A

19-29 years old / early adulthood

52
Q

Middle-aged individuals attempt to build or nurture something that will last, frequently by raising children or encouraging beneficial social change

A

Generativity vs stagnation

53
Q

At what age does generativity vs stagnation happen?

A

30-64 years old / middle age

54
Q

The main struggle of this stage is whether or not the person has had a meaningful, satisfying life. They reflect on their achievements in their lives and are ready to meet their end with a sense of peace

A

Integrity vs despair

55
Q

Integrity vs despair occurs to people ages?

A

65-death / older adulthood

56
Q

Swiss psychologist who was one of the 20th century’s most influencial researchers in the area of developmental psychology

A

Jean Piaget

57
Q

concerned with the development of a person’s thought process, mainly how children learn as they grow older; emphasizing that “children think differently than adults”

A

Cognitive development theory

58
Q

Stage of cognitive theory where behaviors of infants are limited to simple motor responses (reaching, grasping) caused by sensory stimuli (seeing, hearing)

A

Sensorimotor

59
Q

Realize that objects exist even if they are out of sight

A

Object permanance

60
Q

In this stage, children think symbolically because they have an active imagination

A

Preoperational

61
Q

treating inanimate objects as living ones

A

Animism

62
Q

During the preoperational stage, children’s thoughts are typically ___ as they are unable to take the point of view of other people.

A

egocentric

63
Q

Children in this stage often gain a better understanding of mental operations and also recognize cause-and-effect relationships

A

Concrete operational

64
Q

During the concrete operational stage, children begin thinking ___

A

logically

65
Q

True or false: reasoning during the concrete operational stage is deductive

A

False - it is inductive reasoning

66
Q

This cognitive stage is characterized by a young person’s ability to think abstractly

A

Formal operational

67
Q

Type of reasoning during the formal operational stage?

A

Deductive

68
Q

examines how people’s capacities for moral thinking and ethical decision-making change throughout the course of a person’s development

A

Moral development theory

69
Q

Who developed the moral development theory

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

70
Q

At this point, people base their moral decisions primarily on avoiding punishment and pursuing rewards

A

Obedience and Punishment Orientation

71
Q

At this level, people start to think about their own interests and the notion of reciprocity in moral decision-making

A

Individualism and Exchange Orientation

72
Q

At this point, people begin to place a higher premium on upholding healthy social relationships and following societal norms and expectations rather than self-interest and external regulations as their moral focus

A

Good Interpersonal Relationships

73
Q

In this stage, individuals base their moral reasoning on societal rules, laws, and authority figures. They have now become less concerned about interpersonal consequences and more focused on a broader perspective on maintaining social order

A

Law and Order Orientation

74
Q

This stage represents a significant shift from conventional morality, where individuals primarily rely on external rules and authority figures to make moral decisions. Instead, they begin to consider abstract ethical principles and the importance of individual autonomy and societal fairness in their moral reasoning.

A

Social contract orientation

75
Q

In this stage, individuals base their moral judgments on abstract, universal ethical principles rather than on societal norms or laws.

A

Universal ethical principles

76
Q

An american Psychiatrist who developed the theory of interpersonal interactions in psychiatry

A

Harry-Stack Sullivan

77
Q

He believed that anxiety and other psychiatric disorders resulted from fundamental conflicts between individuals in their human surroundings, and that their personality development was shaped by a series of interactions with other people.

A

Harry-Stack Sullivan

78
Q

places a major emphasis on how culture, social development, and interpersonal connections all contribute to personality development.

A

Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry

79
Q

a group of experiences used to prevent anxiety

A

Self system

80
Q

The main characteristic of this stage is the gratification needs

A

Infancy

81
Q

Parents are seen as the focal point of acceptance and commendation; A characteristic of delayed gratification

A

Childhood

82
Q

Characterized by the formation of a peer group

A

Juvenile Era

83
Q

It is characterized by the development of relationships within the same gender; This interest is a more focused connection to select people who end up being their close friends.

A

Preadolescence

84
Q

Rely their self worth on other people, with the basis of whether or not they are attractive and accepted by the opposite sex

A

Early Adolescence

85
Q

Acquires the capability to form lasting, and intimate relationships

A

Late Adolescence

86
Q

Adulthood struggles financial security, career, and family; Relationships and socializing are much easier for adults

A

Adulthood

87
Q

First to develop nursing theory after Florence Nightingale

A

Hildegard E. Peplau

88
Q

After graduating in Pennsylvania, she worked as a staff nurse in New York City. Peplau established ___

A

Modern psychiatric nursing

89
Q

True or false: It is Nightingale who claimed that Nursing is therapeutic

A

False - It was Peplau

90
Q

In 1952, Peplau established which theory?

A

Theory of Interpersonal Relations

91
Q

According to Peplau, Nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and ___ process

A

goal-oriented

92
Q

An entity that strives in its own way to reduce tension generated by needs

A

Man

93
Q

A word symbol that implied forward movement of personlaity and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constuctive, productive, personal, and community living

A

Health

94
Q

Advice nurses to take the patient’s traditions and culture into account as they become accustomed to hospital life

A

Society or environment

95
Q

Human relationship between an individual who is sick, or in need of health services, and a nurse specially educated to recognize and to respond to the need for help

A

Nursing

96
Q

Defining the problem and deciding the type of service needed

A

Orientation phase

97
Q

Selection of suitable professional assistance

A

Identification phase

98
Q

The client makes full use of the services offered.

A

Explotation phase

99
Q

Termination of professional relationship

A

Resolution phase

100
Q

It welcomes the client in the same way that one would meet a stranger in other life situations, they give each other their preconceived expectations, establishing an accepting welcoming atmosphere that develops trust.

A

Stranger

101
Q

The nurse provides a specific and accurate health information in response to a client’s question and aids in the understanding of a problem or new situation

A

Resource person

102
Q

A teaching role should identify a patient’s learning needs and preferred method of learning. A nurse should find out what a patient already knows and expand on it.

A

Teacher

103
Q

Assists the client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way.

A

Leader

104
Q

Who assists to clarify domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence and acts on clients behalf as an advocate.

A

Surrogate

105
Q

Helps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances, provides guidance and encouragement to make changes

A

Counselors

106
Q

Offers a valuable framework for understanding the nurse-patient relationship and the multifaceted roles that nurses play in healthcare.

A

Interpersonal Relations theory

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING (11 decks)

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