Non-mendelian inheritance Flashcards
homoplasmy
all organelles are genetically indentical
heteroplasmy
multiple distinct DNA sequences within the cytoplasm of a single cell
leads to different cells in the same organism being genetically different
if the traits have a visible phenotype, can lead to variegation
replicative segregation
most resulting cells are heteroplasmic but by chance some cells may receive only one type of organelle
uniparental inheritance
through sexual reproduction, organisms tend not to inherit half their organelles from each parent (unlike nuclear alleles).
Commonly organisms inherit all (or most) organelles from one parent
normally maternal
reciprocal crosses give different results
genetic maternal effects
progeny have a phenotype dependent on their mothers genotype
Often this involves transcription in the mother leaving an RNA in the egg. The RNA is translated in the developing embryo.
maternal inheritance of mtDNA
clonal inheritance, no recombination
Individuals with recent common ancestors will have the same sequence with slight changes due to mutations
Mutation rate can be used as clock to estimate time to most recent common ancestor
genetic conversion
a process by which one allele or sequence of DNA is altered to resemble another allele or sequence.
meiotic drive
gametes produced have unequal chance to fertilise-chromosome level distortion
some genetic elements have a competitive advantage during meiosis
can be caused by gene conversion
can cause death to gametes
cryptic females choice
one of the mechanisms of non-random fertilization, where the female has a subtle, often hidden ability to influence which male’s sperm fertilizes her eggs.
wtf meiotic drive genes
selfish genetic elements
increase in frequency in populations quickly due to unfair inheritance
Uniparentally inherited organelles are not SGEs as they are transmitted half the time
