Non-infectious disease of GI tract Flashcards
Aetiology of congenital cleft lip and cleft palate
congenital defects caused by failure of midline fusion of palatal folds during foetal development.
Cleft palate can also be an inherited condition in Charolais and Hereford calves.
Ingestion of teratogenic substances
Scientific name of cleft lip
cheilognathoschisis
Scientific name of cleft palate
palatoschisis
Clinical signs of cleft lip
Deep groove on the upper lip and nasolabial palate that can also involve the bone of maxilla;
extreme difficulties in sucking milk;
loss of the milk during feeding through regurgitation
Clinical signs of cleft palate
fissure of varying width in both the hard and soft palates;
exposure of the nasal turbinates;
nasal regurgitation of milk;
signs of aspiration pneumonia can develop early in life;
failure to thrive;
small defects can only show signs when calf starts solid feed.
Treatment of cleft lip and cleft palate
mandibular symphysiotomy (only if there are no other malformations)
Post op:
systemic antibiotic for at least 5 days or until resolution of aspiration pneumonia, NSAIDs and milk feeding
May not be worth it, consider euthanasia
High failure rate of repair (30% success rate)
Aetiology of oral lacerations
indiscriminate eating behaviour and iatrogenic causes
more frequent in calves
Clinical signs of oral laceration
excessive salivation;
saliva mixed with blood;
decreased feed intake;
decreased appetite;
dysphagia (varies with severity of the laceration);
protrusion of the tongue;
Signs of soft palate lacerations
nasal regurgitation of water and feed as well as signs related to tracheal aspiration of water and feed;
Signs of buccal fistulae
loss of saliva and feed via defect;
the cud may drop during rumination;
cosmetic defect;
Signs of oropharyngeal trauma
retropharyngeal cellulitis;
dysphagia;
anorexia;
decreased milk production;
fever;
cervical swelling and sometimes crepitus;
extended head and neck to straighten the upper airway to improve breathing;
foul-smelling odour;
Treatment of oral lacerations
Most lacerations heal without surgical repair
daily mouth lavage, systemic antibiotics, NSAIDs and by feeding a soft diet for 10-14 days.
May require surgery
Aetiology of mandibular fractures
Traumatic injuries
In young calves, fractures are often secondary to obstetric manipulation
Clinical signs of mandibular fractures
difficulty or inability to eat;
dropping saliva;
prolapse of tongue;
tooth integrity might be affected (if fracture involves an alveolus);
mal alignment of dental arcade;
swollen around the fracture site;
Treatment of mandibular fractures
Stabilisation using external holding tools
May need reduction and immobilisation
Dental care
postoperative systemic antibiotic (7 to 10 days), NSAIDs, daily mouth lavage with mild antiseptic solution and soft diet (10 to 14 days)
Healing usually takes 1-2 months after surgery
Aetiology of tooth root abscess
Uncommon in cattle
Injury to the gingiva predisposes to infection
Trueperella pyogenes is the most common isolated bacteria.
Clinical signs of tooth root abscess
may be asymptomatic until soft swelling develops, firm mass can develop;
tooth may be loose or fractured;
cemental cavities with secondary feed impaction;
malodours breath;
unilateral purulent nasal discharge (maxillary teeth);
Treatment of tooth root abscess
Surgical drainage of the abscess, removal of any loose or fractured tooth, NSAIDs and systemic antibiotic (e.g., penicillin)
Common tumours of oral cavity
odontoma,
odontogenic myxomas,
ameloblastoma,
adamantinoma
Amenoblastomas
locally invasive and highly destructive tumours
mass firmly attached to the mandible distorting the mandible and making prehension extremely difficult.
Hamartoma
not considered a true neoplasm, instead it is thought to be a developmental abnormality of poorly organised tissue
generally seen in animals younger than 3-year-old and can interfere with mastication
Osteosarcomas and lymphosarcomas
present as a hard swelling either on the mandible or maxilla
Treatment of oral neoplasias
Better chance of success if surgical resection is performed early and the lesion is entirely removed without significant mandibular loss.
Euthanasia should be considered if surgical resection is impossible.
Aetiology of oesophageal obstruction
Also known as choke
Acute and complete oesophageal obstruction is an emergency
foreign bodies, occasionally, sharp foreign bodies
Most common sites of obstruction: just dorsal to larynx; thoracic inlet.
Extraoesophageal masses
Clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction
anxious or very agitated;
extension of the head and neck;
drooling saliva;
inability to swallow saliva;
absence of eructation;
ruminal bloat (free-gas);
dyspnoea;
occasional coughing and chew movements;
inability to eat;
tongue protrusion;
dehydration signs;
Treatment of oesophageal obstruction
Hold off feed and water
Resolve ruminal bloat by using needle and suction, trocar or cannula
Resolve obstruction, failure may lead to oesophagostomy which is risky
correction of dehydration and metabolic acidosis
treat aspiration pneumonia
Aetiology of oesophageal trauma
often the result of overzealous use of instruments to dislodge an obstruction
can also occur during the downward movement of an ingested foreign body
can also result from the use of stomach tubes, oesophageal feeders, ingestion of chemical products.
Clinical signs of oesophageal trauma
impressive subcutaneous emphysema;
anorexia;
depression;
swelling at the site of the rupture;
Treatment of oesophageal trauma
might heal with systemic antibiotics
Larger perforations that leak feed material need surgical repair
Feeding can be done via rumen fistula
Grave prognosis
Aetiology of oesophageal diverticulum
acquired condition
Traction (true) diverticula: results from contraction of periesophageal fibrous scar tissue, frequently secondary to wound or surgery
Pulsation (false) diverticula: results from protrusion of mucosa and submucosa through a defect in the musculature of the oesophagus; the defect in the muscular layer may result from external trauma, fluctuation in intraluminal pressure of the oesophagus and overstretch damage by impacted food;
Clinical signs of oesophageal diverticulum
Traction diverticula: usually asymptomatic;
Pulsation diverticula: dysphagia but retain the ability to drink; cough; salivation; ruminal distention; the diverticulum can enlarge enough to become evident in the neck as a large swelling;
Regurgitation is the most common clinical sign when diverticula are in the thoracic region;
Treatment of oesophageal diverticula
Surgical repair: mucosal inversion with reconstruction of the muscular layer or diverticulectomy
Aetiology of megaoesophagus
sporadic and uncommon disorder in cattle
can be segmental or generalized
chronic dilatation and atony of the oesophagus
usually is congenital but may occur secondary to infections or trauma
Clinical signs of megaoesophagus
regurgitation;
dysphagia;
salivation;
cough;
signs of aspiration pneumonia;
Treatment of megaoesophagus
Only supportive treatment is available.
Treatment of aspiration pneumonia.
Poor prognosis
Aetiology of simple ruminal indigestion
common in hand-fed dairy cattle, and beef cattle
minor disturbance in the gastrointestinal function
typically associated with abrupt change in the quantity and quality of the diet
Sudden change in the pH ruminal contents
Physical impairment ruminal function caused by accumulation of excessive quantities of relatively indigestible feed
Clinical signs of simple ruminal indigestion
Caused by excessive grain feeding:
- anorexia;
- ruminal hypomotility or atony;
- excessive fluid content in the rumen;
- faeces watery or soft with foul smelling;
- animal bright and alert;
- animals generally begin to eat within 24 hours;
Caused by excessive silage feeding:
- anorexia;
- moderate drop in milk production;
- rumen full, firm, and doughy;
- primary rumen contractions are less frequent or absent;
- secondary rumen contractions may be present but with reduced strength;
- faeces normal to firm but reduced in quantity;
- recovery generally spontaneous within 24-48 hours;
Rumen fluid analysis - normal rumen pH
6-7
Treatment of simple ruminal indigestion
Stopping feeding the abnormal diet and restitution of an adequate ruminal diet can sometimes lead to spontaneous recovery without additional treatment.
administration of oral laxative and/or antiacid rumen stimulant e.g. Magnesium hydroxide
Two major types of ruminal acidosis
Subacute ruminal acidosis
Acute ruminal acidosis
Aetiology of subacute ruminal acidosis
Dairy cows, feedlot cattle and cattle grazing lush grass from intensively managed pasture alone
Results from feeding excessive amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates
lead to excessive accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), without persistent lactic acid accumulation
Diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis
intermittent periods of low ruminal pH, between 5.6 and 5.2
Individual cows do not exhibit clinical signs while their ruminal pH is low
Herd clinical signs and performance:
- decreased or cyclic feed intake;
- decreased milk production, poor body condition score despite adequate feed intake;
- unexplained diarrhoea;
- sporadic cases of caudal vena cava;
- high culling rates or unexplained deaths;
Treatment of subacute ruminal acidosis
Because SARA is not detected at the time of decreased ruminal pH, there is no specific treatment.
Prevention of subacute ruminal acidosis
gradual adaption of the rumen to diets with high-grain and limiting the ingestion of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates.
Aetiology of acute ruminal acidosis
mostly seen in feedlots but can happen in other circumstances such as inadequately mixed rations or accidently events of cattle getting loose in the feed room.
characterized by a sudden and uncompensated drop in the ruminal pH
ingestion of large amounts or sudden change to feed with rapidly fermentable carbohydrates
change in the ruminal microbiome within 2-6 hours
Clinical signs of ruminal acidosis
clinical signs often develop within 6-8 hours after ingestion;
Rumen distension;
rumen hypomotility to atony;
anorexia;
dehydration;
abdominal pain (e.g., treading of hind limbs);
diarrhoea (profuse and malodorous/sweet-sour odour;
anuria;
depression;
incoordination;
palpebral reflex sluggish or absent (positively associated with severity of plasma D-lactate);
muscular weakness; recumbency (within 24-48h of the onset in severe cases);
heart rate increases with severity of the acidaemia; collapse;
shock;
death in severe cases (within 24-72 hours);
Treatment of acute ruminal acidosis
Cattle just found during the accidental ingestion or shortly after: : close monitoring; no more access to any concentrate; ad libitum good hay
Moderate cases: Require supplementation with alkalinizing products,
Palatable, good-quality hay feeding should be available for 2 to 4 days
Severe cases: Require immediate surgery to remove of all rumen contents
Aetiology of ruminal drinkers
Also known as D-Lactic acidosis
a condition of calves on a liquid diet
presents as primary chronic disease (ruminal drinking syndrome) in veal calves or as acute condition secondary to other neonatal diseases
Failure of the reticular groove reflex
Low ruminal pH leads to variable extents of inflammation of the ruminal mucosa
Clinical signs of ruminal drinkers
Primary chronic cases:
§ Usually occur some weeks after stressful situation;
§ Inappetence, lethargy, poor growth, hair loss, recurrent bloat, ventral abdominal distention (more obvious on the left side), claylike faeces;
Acute cases:
§ Lethargy, ataxia, general weakness;
§ Teeth grinding, arched back and slight abdominal distention (in cases with severe ruminitis);
§ Predominant signs are related with underlying disease;
Ballottement and simultaneous auscultation: fluid-splashing sounds at the left flank;
Treatment of ruminal drinkers
Feeding small volumes of milk from a nipple bottle or bucket
Older calves that can be weaned
In acute cases appropriate treatment of underlying disease is key
Aetiology of acute ruminal bloat
Frothy bloat
- caused by entrapment of normal gases of fermentation in stable form
- grazing, legume dominant pastures, high quality leguminous hay, high grain diets
Free gas bloat
- results from physical obstruction of eructation
Clinical signs of frothy ruminal bloat
Sudden and obvious rumen distention; skin over left flank progressively tauter; marked dyspnoea, with mouth breathing, extended neck, and protrusion of tongue; grunting; frequent urination; rumen motility present and not decreased until severe bloat; collapse;
Death usually ~3-4 hours after onset of signs, but can occur within 1 hour after access to bloat-producing pasture;
If affects a group, commonly several animals affected with variable severity of ruminal bloat; mortality rates can reach 20%.
Clinical signs of gas-free ruminal bloat
Transabdominal palpation of the rumen: excess gas usually free on top of the solid and fluid ruminal contents;
Percussion and auscultation: tympanic resonance over the dorsal abdomen on the left flank; higher pitched ping than in frothy ruminal bloat;
Transrectal palpation: distention of the rumen;
Treatment of frothy ruminal bloat
not relieved by the passage of the tube; presence of stable foam can be present in the tube after removal;
emergency rumenotomy may be necessary
Emergency relief of free-gas ruminal bloat can be accomplished by rumen trocarisation/cannulation
Antifoaming agents e.g. vegetable oils administered via large bore stomach tube
Treatment of free-gas bloat
bloat is immediately relieved by the passage of the tube (rumen trocarisation can be used for gas-free release too)
Removal of oesophageal obstruction if the cause of the bloat
Passage of a large bore stomach tube
Placement of temporary rumen fistula
Chronic ruminal bloat
Relatively frequent in calves up to 6-month-old.
Usually resolves spontaneously in time and in most cases the cause is indetermined.
Necropsy examination failed to detect any physical abnormality, although a developmental defect appears to be likely due to the age at which it occurs.
Chronic ruminal bloat can also occur secondarily to other diseases.
Aetiology void syndrome
also called rumen collapse
poorly understood syndrome
Sporadically observed in cattle suffering from severe inflammatory diseases such as septic mastitis, septic metritis or severe pneumonia that led to several days of complete anorexia.
Clinical signs of rumen void syndrome
large area of tympanic resonance in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen;
no abdominal distension;
rumen not palpable in the left paralumbar fossa;
left paralumbar fossa appeared sunken;
no fluid detected at abdomen ballottement or succussion.
Treatment of rumen void syndrome
correction of dehydration and electrolytes abnormalities, correction of rumen stasis with ruminotoric or rumen transfaunates
Prognosis is excellent if primary disease is successfully managed
Aetiology of ruminal impaction due to indigestible foreign bodies
Ingestion on non-metallic foreign bodies
Clinical signs of Ruminal impaction due to indigestible foreign bodies
decreased feed intake;
weight loss, thinner that cattle without foreign bodies;
ruminal tympany;
Treatment of Ruminal impaction due to indigestible foreign bodies
Rumenotomy to retrieve foreign body.
Aetiology of ruminal parakeratosis
hardening and enlargement of papillae of the rumen. Papillae have also a dark in colour aspect and often several adhere together forming bundles
Thought to be caused by decrease of ruminal pH and increase concentration of volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid
Clinical signs of ruminal parakeratosis
might present reduced weight gain and productivity; ruminal tympany (if parakeratosis severe in the cardia region)