Dysphagia and salivation Flashcards
Clinical signs of mouth lesions
Profuse salivation and/or dysphagia
poor abdominal fill
Dehydration
Halitosis when infection present
Management of prognathia and bradygnathia
careful husbandry ensuring an adequate diet including concentrate feeds to maintain growth rates to slaughter
How many deciduous teeth does the calf have
20
0030
3130
How many permanent teeth do adult cattle have
32
0033
3133
When does M1 erupt
6-12 months
By what age do cattle have all their permanent teeth
by 48 months (4yrs)
Problems that can occur with incisor teeth
○ Absent incisors
○ Rotation
○ Crowded (overlapping)
○ Inter-dental spaces, often found in older cattle
○ Attrition - may be associated with acidic silages
Problems that can occur with cheek teeth
More likely to result in dysphagia
○ Retained deciduous caps
○ Absent cheek teeth, mainly PM2
○ Hooked molars, mainly posterior extremity of maxillary M3
○ Inter-dental spaces
○ Attrition
Aetiology of actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Normal commensal
Injuries to the oral mucosa or skin become infected, initially as a cellulitis that develops to a pyogranulomatous infection
Yellow-white cheesy accumulations develop with the pus or pyogranulomatous soft tissue lesions (sulphur granules)
Extremely fibrous feed and other oral foreign bodies have been incriminated
Clinical signs of actinobacillosis
diffusely swollen firm tongue that fills the oral cavity
Excessive salivation
Anorexia or reduced feed intake
Pyrexia may be present
pyogranulomatous masses and fibrosis of the tongue and other tissues
Treatment of actinobacillosis
Parenteral antibiotics for 5-7 days with penicillin and streptomycin combinations (PenStrep) being a useful first line
Oxytetracycline or potentiated sulphonamides may also be used
iodide therapy to break down granulation tissue
Aetiology of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
sporadic debilitating disease
infection of the mandible or maxilla by Actinomyces bovis
Infection of the bone and teeth occurs after injury of the oral mucosa by fibrous feed or through dental eruption
Clinical signs of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
Early infeciton: warm, painful swellings, with distinct oedema overlapping a firm, painful bony swelling
Later: bone enlargement becomes obvious and soft tissue oedema is less apparent. Salivation and dysphagia may be observed
Once established in bone: swelling becomes hard and often painful and severe cases have distortion of the teeth in the affected bone. Pyogranulomatous infection of the bone and associated soft tissue evolves and granulomas develop at the site of draining tracts
Treatment of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
often unrewarding
often only arrests the lesion in the current state due to the bony changes
Long-term antibiotic therapy for 30 days is necessary
Streptomycin or penicillin-streptomycin combinations
Surgery has been suggested for maxilla lesions, with surgical debulking or removal of large pyogranulomas and debridement and curettage of the affected bone
Aetiology of papular stomatitis
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) a parapox virus
usually seen in calves and spread by contact
Zoonotic
Clinical signs of papular stomatitis
One or more raised papules on the muzzle or nares
Papules on the palate, tongue or lips are more common but less likely observed
appear crusty or brownish-yellow in the oral cavity and may have roughened edges
may be flat and confused with erosions
Some papules develop a necrotic white centre that sloughs leaving an ulcerated area within the raised papule
Most cases are asymptomatic and go undiagnosed!
Treatment of papular stomatitis
No specific treatment or method of prevention other than housing calves separately
Foot and mouth disease
Notifiable
Viral disease caused by foot and mouth disease virus (FMDv)
Clinical signs include pyrexia, blisters in the mouth and feet.
Vesicular stomatitis
Notifiable
Caused by vesicular stomatitis virus which is an arbovirus
Clinical signs are indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease
Horses can get this so can put a horse in and see if it gets sick.
Bluetongue virus
Notifiable
Caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) an orbivirus transmitted by culicoides midges
Most infection in cattle are asymptomatic
Signs are similar to foot and mouth disease
Rinderpest
Notifiable
Eradicated worldwide in 2011
Caused by a morbillivirus
clinical signs of pyrexia, shivering, hyperpnoea, watery or mucous nasal and ocular discharges, later blood in discharge
Usually fatal in 6-10 days
Classical rabies
Notifiable
Dysphagia and salivation are common clinical signs of classical rabies in cattle
Aetiology of malignant catarrhal fever (head and eye form)
Severe lymphoproliferative disease
Mostly sheep-associated caused by sheep gamma herpesvirus (OvHV-2)
Clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever
Persistent pyrexia, corneal oedema, mucosal erosions and lymph node enlargement
Dramatic clinical signs of multisystemic inflammatory disease
Per-acute disease: may die within 1-2 days, overwhelming viraemia and vasculitis, Minimal clinical signs
Head and eye form: Pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, severe nasal and oral mucosa lesions, ocular lesions and depression, Sloughing of nasal mucosa can result in diphtheritic crusts, Salivation and copious nasal discharge, Bilateral ophthalmitis results from vasculitis throughout the eyes, corneal oedema
Mucosal disease
caused by bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv)
can mutate and cause a severe, cytopathic form in persistently infected animals
inflammation and damage of MM of digestive tract
difficulty swallowing, leading to dysphagia, and may excessively produce saliva
Aetiology of tongue lacerations
accidental bites, traumatic injuries, rough handling during restraint, or from consuming sharp objects
Clinical signs of tongue lacerations
depends on the extent and depth of the laceration
pain, reluctance to eat or drink, excessive drooling, difficulty in swallowing, and bleeding from the mouth
Treatment of tongue lacerations
controlling bleeding, managing pain, and preventing infection
may require suturing or surgical intervention
Topical antiseptics and antibiotics
pain management with NSAIDs
temporary change in diet
Aetiology of pharyngeal trauma
injury from coarse or fibrous feeds, awns, metallic foreign bodies or iatrogenic injury
Acute pharyngeal injury results in cellulitis or pharyngeal abscessation
Clinical signs of pharyngeal trauma
Local effects include pain, reluctance or inability to swallow, salivation, cellulitis
Systemic effects may occur due to damage of the vagus nerve branch in the pharynx, resulting in problems with bloat, due to effects on rumen motility and eructation
Respiratory signs may be seen also, with a nasal discharge, inspiratory stridor and inhalation pneumonia. Subcutaneous emphysema may be seen.
Treatment of pharyngeal trauma
Broad spectrum antibiotics for 7 to 14 days
NSAIDs and supportive therapy
If abscesses have formed these will need lancing
Resolution of the dysphagia is a good prognostic indicator
Rumen fistula or trocar may be used to enable feeding and hydration during recovery
Aetiology of calf diphtheria
Infection of the soft tissues in the oral cavity after mucosal injury
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Clinical signs of calf diphtheria
abscesses in the cheek region and mild salivation and may refuse solid feed
Infection can spread amongst claves fed from common equipment
Treatment of calf diphtheria
5-7 days course of antibiotics usually penicillin based
Other diseases causing dysphagia and salivation
Alimentary neoplasia – Due to bracken poisoning or sporadic or Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL)
Anaphylaxis
Pharyngeal or oesophageal foreign bodies
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Botulism
Organophosphate poisoning
Rabies
Tetanus
Clinical signs of URT disease
Inspiratory dyspnoea
Audible snoring sounds
Stertorous breathing
Congenital mechanical or obstructive disorders of URT
pharyngeal cysts of respiratory epithelium origin,
nasal cysts,
cystic nasal conchae,
skull abnormalities,
laryngeal malformations,
brachial cysts
Acquired mechanical or obstructive disorders of URT
Usually caused by enlargement or inflammation of tissues and structures external to the airway itself including retropharyngeal abscess and neoplasms.
Granulomas caused by Actinomyces bovis and Actinobacillus lignieresii may be found in the nasal mucosa.
Frontal sinusitis
May be acute or chronic
Acute frontal sinusitis is more common usually following dehorning
Clinical signs: pyrexia, unilateral or bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, depression and ‘headache’ type pain, often a purulent discharge at the site of dehorning
Infection is usually opportunistic with T. pyogenes, Pasteurella multicide, E. coli and anaerobes
Maxillary sinusitis
Rare in cattle
can be a spontaneous primary condition or secondary to diseases teeth roots, occasionally it may be associated with osteomyelitis conditions of the skull such as lumpy jaw
most common presenting sign is a chronic purulent unilateral nasal discharge
mild upper airway noise
Treatment of sinusitis
Acute frontal sinusitis associated with dehorning, cleansing of corneal wound and lavage of sinus
System antibiotics for 7-14 days and NSAIDs
For chronic cases trephining of the sinus at two sites to allow lavage and drainage
For maxillary sinusitis correction of the inciting cause such as disease tooth roots or maxillary osteomyelitis
Aetiology of necrotic laryngitis
atypical form of calf diphtheria, Fusobacterium necrophorum infection.
Clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis
progressive inspiratory dyspnoea and pyrexia may be present
painful, short cough is observed when the calf attempts to eat or drink
necrotic odour may be present on the breath.
Treatment of necrotic laryngitis
Long term antibiotics and anti-inflammatories are necessary
Tracheostomy may be necessary in cases with severe dyspnoea
Chronic cases have a poor prognosis and surgical procedures such as tracheotomy, tracheolaryngotomy or arytenoidectomy may be considered as salvage procedures
Laryngeal chondritis
uncommon condition in cattle
Clinical signs: dyspnoea, stertor
