Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cattle II > Dysphagia and salivation > Flashcards

Dysphagia and salivation Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical signs of mouth lesions

A

Profuse salivation and/or dysphagia

poor abdominal fill

Dehydration

Halitosis when infection present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Management of prognathia and bradygnathia

A

careful husbandry ensuring an adequate diet including concentrate feeds to maintain growth rates to slaughter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many deciduous teeth does the calf have

A

20

0030
3130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many permanent teeth do adult cattle have

A

32

0033
3133

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does M1 erupt

A

6-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By what age do cattle have all their permanent teeth

A

by 48 months (4yrs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Problems that can occur with incisor teeth

A

○ Absent incisors
○ Rotation
○ Crowded (overlapping)
○ Inter-dental spaces, often found in older cattle
○ Attrition - may be associated with acidic silages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Problems that can occur with cheek teeth

A

More likely to result in dysphagia
○ Retained deciduous caps
○ Absent cheek teeth, mainly PM2
○ Hooked molars, mainly posterior extremity of maxillary M3
○ Inter-dental spaces
○ Attrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aetiology of actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Normal commensal

Injuries to the oral mucosa or skin become infected, initially as a cellulitis that develops to a pyogranulomatous infection

Yellow-white cheesy accumulations develop with the pus or pyogranulomatous soft tissue lesions (sulphur granules)

Extremely fibrous feed and other oral foreign bodies have been incriminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical signs of actinobacillosis

A

diffusely swollen firm tongue that fills the oral cavity

Excessive salivation

Anorexia or reduced feed intake

Pyrexia may be present

pyogranulomatous masses and fibrosis of the tongue and other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment of actinobacillosis

A

Parenteral antibiotics for 5-7 days with penicillin and streptomycin combinations (PenStrep) being a useful first line

Oxytetracycline or potentiated sulphonamides may also be used

iodide therapy to break down granulation tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aetiology of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)

A

sporadic debilitating disease

infection of the mandible or maxilla by Actinomyces bovis

Infection of the bone and teeth occurs after injury of the oral mucosa by fibrous feed or through dental eruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clinical signs of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)

A

Early infeciton: warm, painful swellings, with distinct oedema overlapping a firm, painful bony swelling

Later: bone enlargement becomes obvious and soft tissue oedema is less apparent. Salivation and dysphagia may be observed

Once established in bone: swelling becomes hard and often painful and severe cases have distortion of the teeth in the affected bone. Pyogranulomatous infection of the bone and associated soft tissue evolves and granulomas develop at the site of draining tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)

A

often unrewarding

often only arrests the lesion in the current state due to the bony changes

Long-term antibiotic therapy for 30 days is necessary

Streptomycin or penicillin-streptomycin combinations

Surgery has been suggested for maxilla lesions, with surgical debulking or removal of large pyogranulomas and debridement and curettage of the affected bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aetiology of papular stomatitis

A

Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) a parapox virus

usually seen in calves and spread by contact

Zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical signs of papular stomatitis

A

One or more raised papules on the muzzle or nares

Papules on the palate, tongue or lips are more common but less likely observed

appear crusty or brownish-yellow in the oral cavity and may have roughened edges

may be flat and confused with erosions

Some papules develop a necrotic white centre that sloughs leaving an ulcerated area within the raised papule

Most cases are asymptomatic and go undiagnosed!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment of papular stomatitis

A

No specific treatment or method of prevention other than housing calves separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Foot and mouth disease

A

Notifiable

Viral disease caused by foot and mouth disease virus (FMDv)

Clinical signs include pyrexia, blisters in the mouth and feet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vesicular stomatitis

A

Notifiable

Caused by vesicular stomatitis virus which is an arbovirus

Clinical signs are indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease

Horses can get this so can put a horse in and see if it gets sick.

20
Q

Bluetongue virus

A

Notifiable

Caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) an orbivirus transmitted by culicoides midges

Most infection in cattle are asymptomatic

Signs are similar to foot and mouth disease

21
Q

Rinderpest

A

Notifiable

Eradicated worldwide in 2011

Caused by a morbillivirus

clinical signs of pyrexia, shivering, hyperpnoea, watery or mucous nasal and ocular discharges, later blood in discharge

Usually fatal in 6-10 days

22
Q

Classical rabies

A

Notifiable

Dysphagia and salivation are common clinical signs of classical rabies in cattle

23
Q

Aetiology of malignant catarrhal fever (head and eye form)

A

Severe lymphoproliferative disease

Mostly sheep-associated caused by sheep gamma herpesvirus (OvHV-2)

24
Q

Clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Persistent pyrexia, corneal oedema, mucosal erosions and lymph node enlargement

Dramatic clinical signs of multisystemic inflammatory disease

Per-acute disease: may die within 1-2 days, overwhelming viraemia and vasculitis, Minimal clinical signs

Head and eye form: Pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, severe nasal and oral mucosa lesions, ocular lesions and depression, Sloughing of nasal mucosa can result in diphtheritic crusts, Salivation and copious nasal discharge, Bilateral ophthalmitis results from vasculitis throughout the eyes, corneal oedema

25
Q

Mucosal disease

A

caused by bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv)

can mutate and cause a severe, cytopathic form in persistently infected animals

inflammation and damage of MM of digestive tract

difficulty swallowing, leading to dysphagia, and may excessively produce saliva

26
Q

Aetiology of tongue lacerations

A

accidental bites, traumatic injuries, rough handling during restraint, or from consuming sharp objects

27
Q

Clinical signs of tongue lacerations

A

depends on the extent and depth of the laceration

pain, reluctance to eat or drink, excessive drooling, difficulty in swallowing, and bleeding from the mouth

28
Q

Treatment of tongue lacerations

A

controlling bleeding, managing pain, and preventing infection

may require suturing or surgical intervention

Topical antiseptics and antibiotics

pain management with NSAIDs

temporary change in diet

29
Q

Aetiology of pharyngeal trauma

A

injury from coarse or fibrous feeds, awns, metallic foreign bodies or iatrogenic injury

Acute pharyngeal injury results in cellulitis or pharyngeal abscessation

30
Q

Clinical signs of pharyngeal trauma

A

Local effects include pain, reluctance or inability to swallow, salivation, cellulitis

Systemic effects may occur due to damage of the vagus nerve branch in the pharynx, resulting in problems with bloat, due to effects on rumen motility and eructation

Respiratory signs may be seen also, with a nasal discharge, inspiratory stridor and inhalation pneumonia. Subcutaneous emphysema may be seen.

31
Q

Treatment of pharyngeal trauma

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics for 7 to 14 days

NSAIDs and supportive therapy

If abscesses have formed these will need lancing

Resolution of the dysphagia is a good prognostic indicator

Rumen fistula or trocar may be used to enable feeding and hydration during recovery

32
Q

Aetiology of calf diphtheria

A

Infection of the soft tissues in the oral cavity after mucosal injury

Fusobacterium necrophorum

33
Q

Clinical signs of calf diphtheria

A

abscesses in the cheek region and mild salivation and may refuse solid feed

Infection can spread amongst claves fed from common equipment

34
Q

Treatment of calf diphtheria

A

5-7 days course of antibiotics usually penicillin based

35
Q

Other diseases causing dysphagia and salivation

A

Alimentary neoplasia – Due to bracken poisoning or sporadic or Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL)

Anaphylaxis

Pharyngeal or oesophageal foreign bodies

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Botulism

Organophosphate poisoning

Rabies

Tetanus

36
Q

Clinical signs of URT disease

A

Inspiratory dyspnoea
Audible snoring sounds
Stertorous breathing

37
Q

Congenital mechanical or obstructive disorders of URT

A

pharyngeal cysts of respiratory epithelium origin,

nasal cysts,

cystic nasal conchae,

skull abnormalities,

laryngeal malformations,

brachial cysts

38
Q

Acquired mechanical or obstructive disorders of URT

A

Usually caused by enlargement or inflammation of tissues and structures external to the airway itself including retropharyngeal abscess and neoplasms.

Granulomas caused by Actinomyces bovis and Actinobacillus lignieresii may be found in the nasal mucosa.

39
Q

Frontal sinusitis

A

May be acute or chronic

Acute frontal sinusitis is more common usually following dehorning

Clinical signs: pyrexia, unilateral or bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, depression and ‘headache’ type pain, often a purulent discharge at the site of dehorning

Infection is usually opportunistic with T. pyogenes, Pasteurella multicide, E. coli and anaerobes

40
Q

Maxillary sinusitis

A

Rare in cattle

can be a spontaneous primary condition or secondary to diseases teeth roots, occasionally it may be associated with osteomyelitis conditions of the skull such as lumpy jaw

most common presenting sign is a chronic purulent unilateral nasal discharge

mild upper airway noise

41
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

Acute frontal sinusitis associated with dehorning, cleansing of corneal wound and lavage of sinus

System antibiotics for 7-14 days and NSAIDs

For chronic cases trephining of the sinus at two sites to allow lavage and drainage

For maxillary sinusitis correction of the inciting cause such as disease tooth roots or maxillary osteomyelitis

42
Q

Aetiology of necrotic laryngitis

A

atypical form of calf diphtheria, Fusobacterium necrophorum infection.

43
Q

Clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis

A

progressive inspiratory dyspnoea and pyrexia may be present

painful, short cough is observed when the calf attempts to eat or drink

necrotic odour may be present on the breath.

44
Q

Treatment of necrotic laryngitis

A

Long term antibiotics and anti-inflammatories are necessary

Tracheostomy may be necessary in cases with severe dyspnoea

Chronic cases have a poor prognosis and surgical procedures such as tracheotomy, tracheolaryngotomy or arytenoidectomy may be considered as salvage procedures

45
Q

Laryngeal chondritis

A

uncommon condition in cattle

Clinical signs: dyspnoea, stertor

Cattle II (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions