Non infectious disease - cancer and cardiovascular disease Flashcards
Explain the concept of epidemiological transition
This is the changes in levels and causes of mortality, which is commonly summarised as: a decline in total mortality, and a significant reduction in infectious diseases, which increase the relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases
why is the epidemiological transition complex and dynamic
It is as a result of: demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes
Some diseases disappear (small pox) and others appear(AIDS) or re-emerge (TB,Dengue). There is a decline in stomach cancer, rise and fall of lung cancer and a shift from stroke to heart disease
what are the most commonly diagnosed cancer
Lung, breast and colorectal cancer
what is the most common cause of cancer death
Lung, liver and stomach cancers
how could most cancers be prevented
one third of cancers are likely to bepreventablethrough a small number of lifestyle and environmental approaches
what percentage of deaths are due to cancer worldwide
Causes more than 25% of deaths worldwide
what is the cancer burden shifting to
Burden is shifting to less developed countries. Incidence varies between populations
what is the largest preventable cause of cancer
smoking
what are current cancer rates affected by
changes and exposures that took place in the past because cancer can take up to 20 years to appear
what are the 9 major risks that cancer deaths are attributable to
Smoking Low intake of fruit and veg alcohol use Unsafe sex Overweight and obesity physical inactivity contaminated injections in healthcare Urban air pollution Indoor smoke from household solid fuel use
what infections can cancer deaths be due to
Hepatitis, H.pylori (gastric cancer), HPV (cervical cancer) , EBV (stomach cancer) , HIV, Schistosomes
what do changes in mortality and incidence over time reflect changes in
exposure, diagnosis, screening and treatment
what are the risk factors for CVD
Raised Blood pressure - 62% of all strokes and 49% of all HD attributable to raised BP. Tobacco - Smoking curtails life by 10 years, but prevalence of smoking has decreased, i.e. though smoking ban etc. High cholesterol. Obesity. Underweight and Unsafe sex - These are mainly applicable in developing countries
what are the first and second cause specific mortality
CHD and stroke
where are there low rates of CHD
japan
where are there high rates of CHD
in formerly socialist economies of Europe and in the Middle East
three main risk factors of CVD
High blood pressure, Tobacco smoking, Serum Cholesterol level
what do these patterns (rising and declining rates within countries, large differences across countries which lessen or disappear with migration) indicate
indicate that environmental rather than genetic factors underlie much of the CVD risk worldwide
What will worldwide trends of trend in overweight and obesity lead to
an increase in the burden of Non-communicable disease including metabolic disorders and diabetes.
list the commonest non-infectious causes of world mortality
ischaemic heart diease, cerebrovascular disease
trends to know
health decreases with socioeconomic class. Smoking is more prevalent among manual laborers. Smoking generally decreases with age though in some socioeconomic classes there is a peak around 45-54 years. Alcohol consumption decreases with socioeconomic class. Obesity increases as deprivation increases
