Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Flashcards
What is B-lymphoblastic leukaemia?
A type of cancer that affects the B-lymphocytes and is characterized by the proliferation of immature B cells.
What is Burkitt Lymphoma?
A fast-growing tumor associated with a doubling time of about 24 hours, sensitive to chemotherapy.
What chemotherapy agents are typically used for Burkitt Lymphoma?
- Cyclophosphamide
- Vincristine
- Methotrexate
What is the staging system used for Burkitt Lymphoma?
Modified An Arbor staging
What does Stage I in Modified An Arbor staging indicate?
Tumor present at only one site.
What is a common characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia?
It often presents with small lymphocytic lymphoma.
What are the features of Mycosis fungoides?
- Severe pruritus
- Psoriasis-like lesions
- Involvement of deeper organs over time
What is the male to female ratio for Burkitt Lymphoma?
3 to 4:1
What is the peak incidence age for Burkitt Lymphoma?
Children aged 11 years.
What is Sezary syndrome?
A type of T-cell lymphoma presenting with dermatitis, erythroderma, and generalized lymphadenopathy.
What is the histological feature of Sezary cells?
Highly convoluted or folded nucleus, known as cerebriform nucleus.
What is the significance of CD20 positivity in lymphomas?
Indicates the presence of B-lymphocytes, important for diagnosis and treatment.
What is the role of Rituximab in the treatment of follicular lymphoma?
It is a monoclonal antibody used for treatment.
What cytogenetic abnormality is associated with follicular lymphoma?
t(14; 18)
Which lymphoma is characterized by involvement of Waldeyer’s ring?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
What is a common clinical feature of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Lymphadenopathy that is usually superficial, asymmetric, and painless.
What is the most common low-grade lymphoma?
Follicular lymphoma.
What does the International Prognostic Index (IPI) assess?
Risk stratification based on age, performance status, LDH levels, and extranodal sites.
What is a common treatment-related side effect of chemotherapy?
- GI symptoms
- Bone marrow suppression
- Viral reactivation
Which environmental factors are associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
- Agricultural pesticides
- Solvents
- Hair dyes
What are the three forms of Burkitt lymphoma?
- Endemic (African)
- Sporadic
- Immunodeficiency-associated
What is the typical presentation of endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
Jaw or facial bone tumor, often in children.
What is the primary method used to diagnose lymphomas?
Lymph node biopsy/histology.
True or False: Follicular lymphoma is an aggressive lymphoma.
False
What is the significance of LDH levels in lymphoma?
Raised levels may serve as a prognostic marker.
What are the common symptoms of lymphoma?
- Painless lymphadenopathy
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Fatigue
What is a characteristic cytogenetic finding in Burkitt lymphoma?
Chromosomal translocation t(8; 14)
What is the treatment approach for indolent lymphomas?
Slowly progressive; respond well to chemotherapy but difficult to cure.
What does the Lugano staging system assess?
Extent of tumor involvement in lymphoid organs and other organs.
Fill in the blank: The most common type of pediatric NHL is _______.
Burkitt lymphoma.
What is the clinical relevance of cytogenetic analysis in lymphomas?
Reveals characteristic translocations associated with different lymphomas.
What is the increased risk factor for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in close relatives?
Risk increased 2–3 fold
This indicates a genetic predisposition to NHL.
What classification methods are used for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- Immunophenotyping
- Cytogenetics
- Molecular analysis
These methods assist in identifying the type of lymphoma and its characteristics.
What are the older classifications of lymphoma?
- Rappaport classification
- Kiel classification
- Lukes & Collins classification
- Working formulation
These classifications laid the groundwork for understanding lymphomas prior to newer systems.
What are the main epidemiological trends regarding NHL?
- Incidence increases with age
- Male to female ratio is 3:2
- Increased mean age of the population
- Improvement in diagnosis
- HIV pandemic
- Immunosuppressive therapy
These factors contribute to the rising incidence of NHL globally.
What are the major categories in the WHO Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumors 5th Edition?
- Tumor-like lesions with B-cell predominance
- Precursor B-cell neoplasms
- Mature B-cell neoplasms
- Precursor T-cell neoplasms
- Mature T-cell & NK cell neoplasms
This classification organizes various lymphoid tumors based on their characteristics.
What is the definition of lymphomas?
Group of diseases caused by malignant lymphocytes that accumulate in lymph nodes
This accumulation leads to clinical features such as lymphadenopathy.
Differentiate between Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma: RS cells present, nodal origin, contiguous spread
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: B or T cells, RS cells absent, extranodal origin, non-contiguous spread
Understanding these differences is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
What is the Working Formulation for lymphomas?
A classification invented by the National Cancer Institute to standardize lymphoma reporting
It focuses on morphology and biological behavior but does not use immunophenotyping.
Identify the cell type associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma: B cell
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: B or T cells
This distinction is important for understanding the pathology of these diseases.
What is the fastest growing tumor in man?
Burkitt lymphoma
This type of lymphoma is known for its rapid progression.
Fill in the blank: The _______ form of Burkitt lymphoma commonly presents with jaw involvement.
endemic
This form is often seen in regions with high prevalence of malaria.
What is a common feature of Burkitt lymphoma?
- Sporadic form (lymph node involvement)
- Endemic form (Abdominal presentation)
- Immunodeficiency form (Jaw involvement)
These features help in identifying the type of Burkitt lymphoma.
What is the significance of the REAL classification?
Proposed in the 90s by the International Lymphoma Study group, it is the basis of the WHO classification
The REAL classification has been revised in the 5th edition of the WHO classification.
Which of the following is NOT associated with Burkitt lymphoma? A) Undernutrition B) EBV C) Plasmodium falciparum D) t(8;16)
D) t(8;16)
The characteristic translocation for Burkitt lymphoma is t(8;14).
True or False: In Sezary syndrome, there is usually skin involvement.
True
This condition is characterized by erythroderma and circulating malignant T-cells.
