Cell Cycle And Chemotherapy Flashcards
What is the duration of the mitotic phase?
30-60 minutes
During this phase, chromosomes condense, separate, and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
What can errors in mitosis lead to?
Apoptosis or mutations that may lead to cancer
Errors in mitosis can have significant consequences for cell health and genetic stability.
What are the three main cell cycle checkpoints?
- G1/S
- G2/M
- Metaphase (mitotic)
These checkpoints monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle, ensuring integrity and fidelity.
What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?
Cell increases in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein for DNA synthesis
This phase typically lasts about 18-30 hours.
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
Replication of DNA, producing two sister strands called chromatids
This phase lasts about 18-20 hours.
What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?
Organelles double and new cytoplasm forms
All other structures needed for mitosis also form during this phase, which lasts about 2-10 hours.
What are the stages of the mitotic phase?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
The mitotic phase consists of these stages, collectively known as P-MAT.
What is the definition of cancer?
An abnormal growth of cells caused by multiple changes in gene expression
This dysregulation leads to a balance of cell proliferation and cell death, potentially resulting in metastasis.
What are the goals of chemotherapy?
- Curative
- Control
- Palliation
Chemotherapy can aim for cure, control of cancer growth, or relief of symptoms.
What is cytotoxic chemotherapy?
The use of drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells by killing them or preventing their division
It involves mechanisms that may be cell cycle-dependent.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four cells with one copy of each chromosome
Meiosis occurs in germ cells for sexual reproduction.
Fill in the blank: The cell cycle is a sequence of events from the time a cell first arises until it ______.
divides
The cell cycle includes growth, DNA replication, preparation for division, and cell division.
What are common toxicities associated with chemotherapy?
- Myelosuppression
- Nausea and vomiting
- Mucositis
- Alopecia
- Gonadal dysfunction
- Renal and hepatic toxicities
These toxicities can significantly affect patient quality of life and treatment outcomes.
What is the purpose of supportive care in hematology patients?
Management of complications arising from the disease or its treatment
This includes addressing side effects of chemotherapy and providing psychological support.
What are the principles of combination chemotherapy?
- Use active drugs as single agents
- Combine drugs with different mechanisms of action
- Combine drugs with differing dose-limiting toxicities
These principles help achieve maximum therapeutic effects while minimizing resistance.
True or False: Single-agent chemotherapy is always more effective than combination chemotherapy.
False
Single-agent chemotherapy often leads to faster resistance development and more severe side effects.
What is myelosuppression?
A common drug-related toxicity leading to anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia
This condition is particularly relevant in patients with hematological malignancies.
What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
Normal or resting phase
Cells in this phase are not actively dividing.
What is the role of cell cycle phase-specific drugs?
They primarily affect cells that are actively replicating
These drugs have a linear dose-response curve, meaning increased doses result in greater cell kill.
What is the duration of the mitotic phase?
30-60 minutes
This phase includes the processes of chromosome condensation, separation, and division into two daughter cells.
What are the main checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1/S, G2/M, Metaphase (mitotic)
These checkpoints monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle, ensuring integrity and fidelity.
What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?
Cell increases in size, synthesizes mRNA and protein for DNA synthesis
This phase lasts about 18-30 hours.
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
Replication of DNA, producing two sister strands called chromatids
This phase lasts about 18-20 hours.
What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?
Organelles double, new cytoplasm forms, structures needed for mitosis form
This phase lasts about 2-10 hours.
What are the stages of the mitotic phase?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
This process is complex and highly regulated.
What are the possible consequences of errors in mitosis?
Cell death through apoptosis or mutations leading to cancer
These errors can have significant implications for cellular health.
What is the definition of cancer?
An abnormal growth of cells caused by multiple changes in gene expression
This results in dysregulated balance of cell proliferation and death, leading to tissue invasion and metastasis.
What are the goals of chemotherapy?
- Curative
- Control
- Palliation
These goals address curing cancer, controlling its progression, or relieving symptoms.
What is the role of supportive care in hematology patients?
Management of complications arising from the disease or its treatment
Supportive care is crucial for the overall well-being of patients undergoing chemotherapy.
What is myelosuppression?
A common drug-related toxicity leading to anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia
It is frequently seen in patients with hematological malignancies.
What are the common toxicities associated with chemotherapy?
- Myelosuppression
- Nausea and vomiting
- Mucositis
- Alopecia
- Gonadal dysfunction
- Renal and hepatic toxicities
These side effects can significantly impact the quality of life for patients.
Fill in the blank: Cytotoxic chemotherapy refers to agents whose mechanisms of action cause _______ or prevent cell growth.
cell death
This is generally achieved through inhibiting microtubule function, protein function, or DNA synthesis.
What are the advantages of combination chemotherapy?
- Maximum cell kill within tolerated toxicity
- Broader coverage of resistant cell lines
- Slows development of new drug-resistant cell lines
These advantages make combination therapy more effective than single-agent therapy.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells; meiosis produces four cells with one copy of each chromosome
Meiosis occurs in sexually-reproducing organisms and involves two rounds of division.
True or False: Chemotherapy is only used for curative purposes.
False
Chemotherapy can also be used for control and palliation.
What are the principles of combination chemotherapy?
- Use active single agents
- Combine drugs with different mechanisms of action
- Combine drugs with differing dose-limiting toxicities
These principles ensure maximum therapeutic benefit.
What is the definition of the cell cycle?
The sequence of events from the formation of a cell until it divides again
It includes growth, DNA replication, preparation for division, and cell division.
What is the G0 phase?
Normal or resting phase
Cells in this phase are not actively dividing.
What is the importance of cell cycle checkpoints?
They prevent progression at specific points to verify phase processes and repair DNA damage
This ensures that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells.
What are cell cycle phase specific drugs?
Drugs that exert action only on cells in specific phases of the cell cycle
They are primarily effective against actively replicating cells.
What is cytokinesis?
The process where cells return to interphase after mitosis
It completes the cell division process.
