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Psychology Paper 2 > Non - Experimental Methods > Flashcards

Non - Experimental Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term case study

A

Intensive study about a person/group of people - can also refer to the study of an institution eg a school - uses a range of sources from the individual to their family and friends.

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2
Q

Strengths of case studies

A

-Gaining insight and deeper understanding
-some things can only be investigated through a case study

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3
Q

Weaknesses of case studies

A
  • ethics - may not be able to give full consent eg children
  • replicability - too unique
  • subjectivity in interpretation
  • data not easily analysed
  • lacks generalisability
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4
Q

What is a participant observation

A

Where the researcher becomes a member of the group they’re observing

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5
Q

What is a correlation

A

Used to test a hypothesis about a relationship between 2 variables e.g smoking and death
Correlation does not equal causation
Correlation co efficient ranges from +1 - -1

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6
Q

Strengths of correlation

A

Can be used for reasons that may be unethical/unpractical to manipulate
No manipulation = high ecological validity
Easily replicable
Makes use of other data

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7
Q

Weaknesses of correlations

A

May lack internal/external validity
No cause and effect
May lack generalisability

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8
Q

What is time sampling

A

Schedules time slots e.g every 2 minutes for an hour

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9
Q

What is event sampling

A

Tallying every time you see a certain behaviour on a coded sheet

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10
Q

What is a naturalistic observation

A

Watching and recording behaviour in the setting it would normally occur in

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11
Q

Strengths of naturalistic observation

A

Ecological validity - can be generalised

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12
Q

Weaknesses of naturalistic observation

A

Hard to replicate due to lack of control of variables

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13
Q

What is a controlled observation

A

Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment (variables are controlled by the researcher)

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14
Q

Strengths of controlled observation

A

Easier to replicate due to controlled variables

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15
Q

Weaknesses of controlled observation

A

Behaviour is unnatural due to unnatural setting

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16
Q

What’s a covert observation

A

Observers are not visible and participants are unaware their behaviour is being observed

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17
Q

Strengths of a covert observation

A

Behaviour is more natural

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18
Q

Weaknesses of covert observation

A

Less ethical as p’s are unaware and can’t give full informed consent

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19
Q

What is an overt observation

A

P’s are aware their behaviour is being observed and researcher is visible

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20
Q

Strengths of an overt observation

A

Ethical - informed consent

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21
Q

weaknesses of overt observation

A

Social desirability
Screw you/demand characteristics

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22
Q

Strengths of participant observation

A

N depth data as they’re close so unlikely to miss behaviour

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23
Q

Weaknesses of participant observation

A

Researcher bias - could affect objectivity

24
Q

What is a non participant observation

A

Researcher remains outside the group they’re observing

25
Q

Strengths of non participation observation

A

Researchers are more objective

26
Q

Weaknesses of non participation observation

A

May not gain as much info or miss behaviour

27
Q

What is a structured observation

A

Researchers use systems to organise observations

28
Q

Strengths of a structured observation

A

Detailed

29
Q

Weaknesses of structed observation

A

May be too much to record - risk of observer bias and writing down things that need their aims

30
Q

Structured interview

A

Interviewers have pre determined set of questions that they stick to

31
Q

What is a semi structured

A

Some questions are pre determined but some are made on the spot

32
Q

Unstructured interview

A

Only the 1st question is planned everything else is free flowed

33
Q

What are questionnaire

A

Non experimental self report method
Ps record thoughts with written answers or choose from fixed options

34
Q

What are open questions

A

Not restricted to a fixed answer

35
Q

What are closed questions

A

Fixed set of responses e.g. yes/no

36
Q

What are cross sectional studies

A

‘Snapshot in time’
One group of people representing one section of society compared to another group
E.g. working class vs middle class

37
Q

Strengths of cross sectional studies

A

Cheap,quick and practical

38
Q

Weaknesses of cross sectional studies

A

Less detailed and hard to identify trends

39
Q

What is a longitudinal study

A

Study conducted over a long period of time
Same p’s assessed at multiple points over a time period

40
Q

Strengths of a longitudinal study

A

No p’s variables

41
Q

Weaknesses of longitudinal study

A

P’s may move away or drop out = disrupts study

42
Q

What is thematic analysis

A

Generalises qualitative data
Connotations of idea/words
E.g mentally ill are a drain on the NHS
Themes:
- ‘control’
- ‘stereotypes’

43
Q

What is coding

A

Changing qualitative data to quantitive
Making a tally
E.g terms to describe the mentally ill
- ‘crazy’
- ‘Mad’

44
Q

Brain scans - MRI

A

Uses a magnetic field which causes hydrogen atoms to move
Magnet then switches off so atoms move back - this produces an electromagnetic signal
Then forms a 2d image ‘cross sectional’
Tales 15-90mins

45
Q

Strengths of an MRI

A

No harmful radiation
Detailed images

46
Q

Weaknesses of MRI

A

Long time and uncomfortable

47
Q

Brain scans - PET

A

Injected with a radioactive tracer
Combined with sugar as the brain uses glucose
Brain contains postions - these collide with electrons and release gamma rays
The more active parts of the brain = more postions
Takes between 10-40mins

48
Q

Strengths of PET scans

A

Less claustrophobic

49
Q

Weaknesses of PET scans

A

Tracer is invasive and has side effects

50
Q

Brain scans - EEG

A

Placing electrodes on the scalp
These electrodes record electrical impulses
This creates a visual display of electrical activity
20-40 mins

51
Q

Strengths of EEG

A

No radiation
Cheaper
Less invasive

52
Q

Weaknesses of EEG

A

Can’t scan deep
Poor spacial resolution

53
Q

Content analysis

A

Non experimental technique
Specific type of observation
Instead of observing directly we observe through the content of things people produce e.g to or magazines

54
Q

What happens in content analysis

A

Sample = artefacts not people need a representative sample
Behavioural categories = quantitive analysis - tallying when you see certain behaviour

55
Q

Strengths of content analysis

A

High mundane realism + ecological validity

56
Q

Weaknesses of content analysis

A

Secondary data so it has ethical issues
Researcher bias/subjective
Culture bias

Psychology Paper 2 (5 decks)

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