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Psychology Paper 2 > Experimental Methods > Flashcards

Experimental Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled artificial setting
Manipulate IV and measure DV

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2
Q

Strengths of lab

A

EV’s and DV’s are controlled - replicable and reliable

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3
Q

Weaknesses of lab

A

Low ecological validity

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4
Q

Field experiments

A

Natural environment
P’s often unaware

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5
Q

Strengths of field

A

Ecological validity

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6
Q

Weaknesses of field

A

Ethical issues e.g consent

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7
Q

Online research strengths

A

Large samples
Cheap
Diversity

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8
Q

Weaknesses of online research

A

Possible bias
Lies and social desirability
EV’s and DV’s

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9
Q

Quasi natural

A

IV not controlled
IV is naturally occurring event
Can be lab or field
E.g divorce or natural disaster

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10
Q

Quasi difference

A

IV not controlled
IV is a pre existing difference between p’s
E.g. sex, age

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11
Q

Strengths of quasi

A

Allows research of phenomena that for ethical reasons can’t be manipulated to study

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12
Q

Weaknesses of quasi

A

No definite cause and effect
Replication is nearly impossible

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13
Q

Experimental design - independent groups

A

2 separate conditions

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14
Q

Independent groups strengths

A

Less materials needed as the same test can be given to both groups

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15
Q

Independent group’s weakness

A

More p’s needed

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16
Q

Experimental design - repeated measures

A

Same p’s do both experiments

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17
Q

Repeated measures strengths

A

No individual differences

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18
Q

Repeated measures weaknesses

A

Order effects

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19
Q

Experimental design - matched pairs

A

Different p’s matched closely on personality, IQ etc
2 groups

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20
Q

Matched pairs strengths

A

Less chance of individual differences

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21
Q

Matched pairs weakness

A

Time consuming and matching can be difficult

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22
Q

What is a single blind procedure

A

The p’s don’t know what condition they’re in

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23
Q

What is a double blind procedure

A

Both researcher and p’s don’t know whose in which condition

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24
Q

What is target population

A

Large group of people that the researcher wishes to study

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25
Q

Sample

A

Small group who represent the target population and are studied

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26
Q

Population validity

A

How well the sample represents the target population

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27
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

People who are there, available and willing to

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28
Q

Strengths of opportunity

A

Quick and easy

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29
Q

Weaknesses of opportunity

A

Researcher bias as they pick p’s

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30
Q

Self selected sampling

A

Letter/flyer where people select/volunteer themselves

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31
Q

Strengths of self selected

A

Flyers can reach a diverse range of p’s

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32
Q

Weaknesses of self selected

A

Demand characteristics (more motivated)

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33
Q

Random sampling

A

Name generator

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34
Q

Strengths of random

A

No researcher bias + representative

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35
Q

Weaknesses of random

A

Time consuming

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36
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Selected in numerical intervals e.g every 8 people

37
Q

Strengths of systematic

A

Quick,easy and unbiased

38
Q

Weaknesses of systematic

A

May not be representative

39
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Selecting in ratio to target population

40
Q

Strengths of stratified

A

Most representative

41
Q

Weaknesses of stratified

A

Time consuming

42
Q

Quota sampling

A

Same as stratified but the researcher chooses the ratioed sub groups

43
Q

Strengths of quota

A

Representative and can generalise

44
Q

Weaknesses of quota

A

Time consuming and researcher bias

45
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Current p’s recruit more through mutuals

46
Q

Strengths of snowball

A

Can access hard to reach groups

47
Q

Weaknesses of snowball

A

Not representative - too similar interests

48
Q

What is internal validity

A

Does the study measure what it intends to measure

49
Q

What is external validity

A

Whether the study paints a true picture of real life behaviours - mundane realism and would apply to different places, times or people - population validity

50
Q

Word associated with validity

A

Accuracy

51
Q

Validity issues

A

Researcher bias
Demand characteristics
Social desirability

52
Q

Assessing validity - face validity

A

Whether the test appears at face value to measure what it claims to

53
Q

Predicative validity

A

The degree to which a test accuractly forcasts a future outcome on a more broadly related topic

54
Q

Content validity

A

Objectively checking whether the method of measuring behaviour is accurate and decides whether it is a fair test that achieves the aims of the study - this can be achieved by asking an expert of the specific area of behaviour to check validity

55
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparing with an established measurement that has validity - If both test have similar results they have concurrent validity

56
Q

Construct validity

A

Whether the overall results reflect the phenomena as a whole - this is achieved by checking the existing definitions of the behaviour

57
Q

Word associated with reliability

A

Consistency

58
Q

Internal reliability

A

If the test is consistent in itself

59
Q

External reliability

A

Consistency over time

60
Q

Ways to overcome reliability issues

A

Use more than one researcher
Repeat
Standardise procedures
Operationalise variables

61
Q

Test retest

A

Repeated twice - if the same = reliable

62
Q

Inter rater

A

Compare results from more than one researcher - high agreement = reliable

63
Q

Split half

A

Splitting the test into two and comparing scores in both halves

64
Q

What is temporal validity

A

Historic

65
Q

What is ecological validity

A

Other settings/situations

66
Q

What is falsifiability

A

Principle that a theory cannot be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being found false

67
Q

Replicability

A

The extent to which scientific procedures and findings can be repeated by other researchers

68
Q

Objectivity

A

All sources of personal bias are minimised so it can not distort or influence the research process

69
Q

Situational variables

A

Anything to do with the environment e.g time of day, temperature or noise levels

70
Q

Participant variables

A

Difference between participants e.g age, gender, intelligence

71
Q

Investigator effects

A

How behaviour and language of experimenters will effect the participant - researcher bias (eg how the question is worded)

72
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Participants searching for clues in order to act in a certain way for example if they subconsciously figure out the aim

73
Q

Participant effects

A

Participants are aware they’re in the experiment so may behave unnaturally

74
Q

Ethics

A

P - privacy
C - confidentiality
D - deception
R - right to withdraw
I - informed consent
P - protection from harm

75
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Statement of no effect
- there will be no difference…

76
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

Any hypothesis except the null

77
Q

Directional hypothesis- one tailed

A

There will be a direction - increase/decrease

78
Q

Non directional hypothesis - two tailed

A

There will be a difference but does not state the direction

79
Q

Confounding variable

A

Varies systematically with the IV that may impact the DV

80
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Do not vary systematically however impact DV - e.g weather

81
Q

Ethics - brief

A

Must infirm p’s of purpose - be clear
Erasure confidentiality
Give them the right to withdraw
Provide an opportunity for question

82
Q

Ethics - debrief

A

Inform p’s of purpose
Ensure no undue stress
Ensure p’s leave in ‘same frame of mind’ as they entered
Right to withdraw and access to report if asked
Opportunity for questions
Thank the p’s for taking part

83
Q

What is privacy

A

A persons right to control the flow of information about themselves

84
Q

What is confidentiality

A

Communication of personal info from one person to another - the trust that this will be protected

85
Q

What is deception

A

P’s not aware of the study so can’t give informed consent

86
Q

What is right to withdraw

A

P’s understanding that they have the right to leave the study at any point and remove data when the study is over

87
Q

What’s informed consent

A

P’s given info regarding the experiment so they can choose whether to participate or not

88
Q

What’s protection from harm

A

Should not experience negative physical or psychological harm beyond normal day to day lives

Psychology Paper 2 (5 decks)

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