1. Oral closure is formed , while the soft palate is lowered. 2. Short nasal consonant 3. Soft palate is raised so that there is a stop. 4. Stop is released by removing the oral closure while the soft palate remains raised [nd], e.g. in Swahili [ndizi]

Non-English consonants Flashcards by Mathilde R

Bilabial fricatives

Bringing the two lips nearly together, so that there is only a slit between them
Active : lower lip
Passive : upper lip
ɸ (voiceless bilabial fricative), β (voiced bilabial fricative)

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Labiodental nasal

Active : lower lip
Passive : teeth
Nasal [ɱ]
- may occur when /m/ is before /f /, as in “emphasis”in English

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Dental

Active : tongue tip
Passive : teeth
stops [t̪, d̪, n̪]

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Alveolar

Active : Tongue tip
Passive : Alveolar ridge
lateral fricatives voiceless ɬ, voiceled ɮ, tap ɾ, etc.

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Retroflex ‘Place’ of Articulation

Passive articulator: alveo-palatal region
Active articulator: underside of the tongue

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Retroflex stops are common in…

South Asia and Australia; absent in English

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Retroflex in the IPA

Hook on the bottom of the alveolar facing right
Plosives : [ ʈ, ɖ]
Fricatives : [ ʂ, ʐ]
Nasal : [ ɳ ]
Tap : [ ɽ ]

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Palato/postalveolar

Active : tongue blade
Passive : alveolar ridge (back)
Fricatives [ʃ, ʒ]

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Palatals

Active : tongue front
Passive : Hard palate
Plosives [c, ɟ]
Nasal [ɲ]
Fricatives [ç, ʝ]
Approximant [j]
Lateral approximant [ʎ]

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Velars

Active : tongue body
Passive : soft palate (velum)
Velar fricatives [x, ɣ]

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Uvulars

Active : tongue back
Passive : uvula
plosives [q, ɢ], fricatives [χ, ʁ]

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Pharyngeal (/epiglottal)

Active : tongue root
Passive : back wall of pharynx
fricatives [ħ, ʕ] (e.g. in Arabic)
Leaves a narrow opening with turbulent airflow

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Pharyngeal ____ are rare and very difficult to articulate and are often in free variation with
fricatives

Stops

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Epiglottals

Active : Epiglottis
Passive : Back wall of pharynx
Fricatives [ʜ, ʢ]

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Labio-Velars/labial velars

Simultaneous labial and velar constrictions
approximants [w] and [ʍ]
Sequence of velar and labial with a tie-bar
[k͡p], [ɡ͡b], [ŋ͡m]

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Prenasalized stop

Oral closure is formed , while the soft palate is lowered.
Short nasal consonant
Soft palate is raised so that there is a stop.
Stop is released by removing the oral closure while the soft palate remains raised
[nd], e.g. in Swahili [ndizi]

Nasal release stops

Nasal plosion in English in “sudden” or “hidden”
Can occur at beginning of word in other languages
E.g. in Russian [dno]

Stops with lateral release

Occur in English “little”
Can occur word initially in other languages [tɬ]

Stops with ejective lateral release

the stop closure for [t] is formed
the glottalic egressive (ejective) airstream mechanism is set in motion
the stop is released
laterally by lowering the sides of the tongue
[tɬʼ] can occur word initially in Navajo

Affricated stop

[t͜s] in London Cockney English [t͜sɘi] “tea”
[t͜s] and bilabial affricate [pf] in German
Ejective [t͜sʼ] in Navajo

Nasal (stop)

Soft palate lowered so that air flows out through the nose; complete closure of two articulators
[m, ŋ, n], etc.

(Oral) stop

Soft palate raised, forming a velic closure; complete closure of two articulators
[ p, b, t ] etc.

Fricative

Narrowing of two articulators so as to produce a turbulent airstream
[f, ʒ, ʃ, z, s] etc.
Sibilant sounds :
Have more acoustic energy— greater loudness—at a higher pitch
[s, z, ʒ, ʃ]

Approximant

Approximation of two articulators without producing a turbulent airstream
[w, j, l, ɹ]

Trill

- An articulator set in vibration by the airstream [ʙ, r, ʀ]

Tap

- Tongue tip hitting the roof of the mouth; a single movement in a trill - [ɾ]

Flap

- One articulator striking another in passing - ɽ

Lateral

With a central obstruction, so that air passes out at the side - [l] voiced alveolar lateral approximant - [ʎ] voiced palatal lateral approximant - [ʟ] voice velar lateral approximant - [ɮ] voiced lateral fricative - [ɬ] voiceless lateral fricative

Central

- Articulated so that air passes out the center [s, ɹ, w] etc.

Alveolar trill

the tip of the tongue is set in motion by the current of air Italian /roma/ ‘Rome’ - In free variation with [ɹ] in some British varieties - Shetland English (North of Scotland)

Alveolar tap [ɾ]

The tip of the tongue moves up to contact the roof of the mouth in the alveolar region, then moves back to the floor of the mouth along the same path Greek /ɾomi/

Alveolar approximant [ɹ]

English /ɹoʊ̯m/

retroflex flap [ɽ]

1. The tip of the tongue is curled up and back in a retroflex gesture 2. The tongue strikes the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar region as it returns to its position behind the lower front teeth. English : flap occurs in words that have an r vowel in the stressed syllable, e.g. dirty and sorting Hindi : /ləɽnɑː/ ‘to fight’

Uvular trill [ʀ]

French /ʀɔm/ Was originally alveolar trill [r] Started being pronounced [ʀ] in Paris and then spread

voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]

Hebrew /ʁoma/ ‘Rome’ - [ʁ] is a common rhotic sound in free variation in French (voiceless uvular fricative [χ] too)

Tap vs Trill distinction

E.g. Spanish: perro [pero] ‘dog’ vs pero [peɾo] ‘but’ **Same articulatory mechanism** Bernoulli’s principle Tap = single vibration cycle *Trill = multiple vibration cycle

Description of airflow inside the oral tract

Can be lateral or central

Lateral vs central

Lateral : any time airflow passes along the side of the tongue Central : Trills are always centrally articulated, but flaps can be made with either a central or a lateral articulation

Impossible sounds

1. Voiced glottal plosive 2. Pharyngeal and glottal nasals 3. Velar trill 4. Bilabial, labiodental, pharyngeal and glottals lateral fricatives 5. Bilabial, labiodental, pharyngeal and glottals lateral approximants