English utterances

Question 1

Citation form

Answer 1

Word as it would be pronounced in isolation, in careful speech, with regular falling intonation

Question 2

Reduced form

Answer 2

A repeated word may have no stress so can appear shorter, more reduced, and have less defined formants

Question 3

How stops appear on spectrograms

Answer 3

White gap (silence) followed by thin vertical stripe (release burst)

Question 4

How fricatives appear on spectrograms

Answer 4

Dark patch near top of spectrogram

Question 5

How vowels, approximants, and nasals appear on spectrograms

Answer 5

With 2-5 formant bands

Question 6

Strong form

Answer 6

When the word is emphasized, such as in citation form

Question 7

Weak form

Answer 7

When the word is in an unstressed position

Question 8

Words that are particularly susceptible to reduction and almost never stressed in connected speech

Answer 8

Closed-class words : syntactic categories that rarely get updated and often serve a functional (grammatical) role rather than a substantive (lexical) one

Question 9

Assimilation

Answer 9

One sound changes due to influence of neighboring sound

Question 10

Phonological processes across boundaries

Answer 10

Flapping : [ˈbʌɾɚ] ‘butter’ vs [ˈbʌɾaɪ̯] ‘…but I…’
Unreleased stops : [læk ̚toʊ̯s] ‘lactose’ vs [læk ̚tə] ‘…lack to…’
Dentalization : [sɪn̪θ] ‘synth’ vs [ɪn̪θiɹi] ‘…in theory…
Palatalization [ : d͡ʒudeɪ̯t] ‘due date’vs [wʌtd͡ʒuseɪ̯] ‘…what d’you say?

Question 11

True or false : Citation form assumes the word is in isolation, so there is no across word processes

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Stationary target

Answer 12

Idealized pronunciation of a segment in isolation

Question 13

In shorter productions, a ____smaller/bigger proportion of the segment is articulated at the stationary target compared to the transition

Answer 13

Smaller

Question 14

How is a smaller portion of the segment articulated at the stationary target in shorter words?

Answer 14

You are moving towards the target then you go back before reaching it

Question 15

_____rare/frequent words undergo a greater degree reduction/coarticulation

Answer 15

Frequent

Question 16

Deletion from Coarticulation

Answer 16

If gestures overlap between segments, the middle segment can be obscured: still articulating last segment; already starting the next one

Question 17

Epenthesis from Coarticulation

Answer 17

2 segments in sequence overlap in gestures creating a new segment that was not there originally
E.g. t between n and f
- Transition from nasal to oral sound while keeping an alveolar place of articulation
- [t] has some properties of n, some properties of [f]

Question 18

In citation forms, a stressed syllable is usually
produced by …

Answer 18

Pushing more air out of the lungs in one syllable relative to others

Question 19

A stressed syllable often has a longer _____

Answer 19

Vowel

Question 20

2-word compound nouns vs verbs stress

Answer 20

Nouns : stress only on first element
Verbs : stress on both elements
(noun and adjective compound = stress on both)

Question 21

Tonic accent

Answer 21

When a syllable is especially prominent because it accompanies the final peak in the intonation

Question 22

If syllables are stressed, they may or may not be the ____ _____ syllables that carry the major pitch changes in the phrase

Answer 22

Tonic stress

Question 23

Unstressed syllables may or may not have a reduced _____

Answer 23

Vowel

Question 24

2 processes to avoid stress clash

Answer 24

1. Words with multiple stressed syllables usually alternate between stressed and unstressed
2. Stress can change position in words in different sentences to avoid adjacent stress : words that might have been stressed are nevertheless often unstressed

Question 25

Intonation

Answer 25

Pattern of pitch changes

Question 26

Tonic accent

Answer 26

Major pitch change in a sentence

Question 27

The tonic accent usually occurs on the ____ stressed syllable in a tone group in neutral intonation

Answer 27

Last

Question 28

Continuation rise

Answer 28

When there are 2+ intonational phrases within an utterance, and the first one ends in a small rise

Question 29

A ___ _____ intonation means that there is something more to come

Answer 29

Low rising

Question 30

Usually, in an intonational phrase, the ___ stressed syllable that conveys new information is the tonic syllable.

Answer 30

Last

Question 31

The tonic syllable has a falling pitch, unless ...

Answer 31

it is the first of 2+ intonational phrases : there may then be a continuation rise in the pitch

Question 32

Questions that can be answered by yes or no usually have a _____falling/rising intonation

Answer 32

Rising

Question 33

Wh- questions usually have a _____falling/rising intonation

Answer 33

Falling

Question 34

ToBI (Tones and Break Indices)

Answer 34

H: High tone L: Low tone *: pitch accent mark * Acoustic prominence associated with a particular word in a sentence * Must be combined with H or L tones %: boundary accent mark * Acoustic prominence associated with a phrase/utterance boundary * Must be combined with H or L tones

Question 35

Break index

Answer 35

Describes strength of boundary across words 0 = same word 1 = different word 3 = clause 4 = phrase (Larger break index = larger pause)

Question 36

Stressed syllables tend to be...

Answer 36

- Louder than unstressed syllables - Longer than unstressed syllables - More airflow

Question 37

Number of primary stress in a polysyllabic word

Answer 37

1

Question 38

Number of secondary stress in a polysyllabic word

Answer 38

Unlimited

Question 39

Categorical processes

Answer 39

UR → SR * E.g. Eng. /kæt+z/ → /kæts/

Question 40

Gradient phonetic processes

Answer 40

* Often not transcribed * E.g. non-systematic vowel lengthening

Question 41

True or false : there is no coarticulation in citation form

Answer 41

False