Non Doc Exam 1 Flashcards
Chalones
A signal that tells the cell to stop growing. Affects only benign tumors
Doubling time
The time it takes to increase
Invasion
refers to the ability to invade into tissue and destroy its normal anatomical boundaries
What are the general concepts of staging
- Tell us the point in the process that the disease is at
- Obtained through clinical impression, radiography operative findings and histology
- Serves as a baseline for treatment decisions and statistical analysis
In Situ
A malignancy that has nit invaded the basement membrane
Localized disease
Confined to organ of origin, tumor edges may not be well defined, and may cause significant problems at this stage due to ulceration or functional changes
regional disease
Extends beyond the organ of organ, extends through direct extension, regional lymph nodes, or a combo
Mets through the blood
cancer cells invade the blood vessels and are carried through the body until they are killed by the immune system or lodge into an organ where they grow.
Mets through the lymphs
Lymphatic channels in the primary organ may be invaded and cells can travel through lymph vessels to lymph nodes. Spread is fairly predictable. Once cancer is it the nodes it can stay and grow or travel on
Mets through implantation or seeding
occurs in cavities, cells may be released directly into cavity and mechanically passed around. cells may travel with the fluid in the cavity
Tumor staging
define the tumor size and extension at the time of diagnosis
importance of tumor staging
provides a means of communication about tumors, helps determine the best treatment, predict prognosis, means for continuing research
Grading
refers to the degree of differentiation of the tumor cells. determined microscopically.
Wilm’s tumor
Nephroblastoma - embryonic
Neuroblastoma
brain tumor of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal veins - embryonic
Monster cell
teratoma - embryonic
brain tumor treated with craniospinal radiation
Medulloblastoma - embryonic
Benign tumor of the nervous system
Neuroma
Malignant tumor of the nervous system
Grade 1-2= Astrocytoma
Grad 3-4 = Glioma
Reticuloendothelial cancers
Malignant lymphomas, reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkins disease, Leukemia
Patient related treatment considerations
social, medical history, life expectancy
disease related considerations
cosmetic result, extent of spread, function of organ/tissue
Excisional biopsy
entire lesion is removed, used for GI and bronchus biopsies
Incisional biopsy
large tumors, only a sample of the tissue
Core biopsy
cervical cancer, breast cancer, slightly bigger than a FNA
endoscopic
used for GI and broncos biopsies, tiny pinchers at the end of a fiberoptic endoscope and cuts the lesion away
Chemo delivery
Intravenously, intrathecal, oral, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intra-cavitary (sometimes with GYN cancer) topical
Clinical timing
Neoadjuvant, concurrent, adjuvant, palliative
5-FU
Toxicity to skin. Side effects: Mucositis (mouth sores), diarrhea, myelosuppression
Monoclonal antibodies
Manutfactuerd or taken from other animals, attacks the protein on abnormal cells
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
Cardiac side effects, definitive life time does, Inhibits DNA synethsis
Bleomycin
Lung toxicity
