Non-communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Non-infectious diseases i.e. can’t be passed between organisms

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2
Q

Define ‘carcinogens’.

A

Cancer-causing substances

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3
Q

What is the difference between correlation and causal mechanism?

A

Correlation: A link between two; Causal: One thing leads to the other

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4
Q

State a risk factor for non-communicable diseases.

A

Lifestyle, substance present in body/environment

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5
Q

Define ‘tumour’.

A

A mass of cells grown abnormally (uncontrollable growth)

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6
Q

Define ‘benign tumours’.

A

Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area within a membrane, don’t invade other tissues

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7
Q

Define ‘malignant tumours’.

A

Tumours that invade other tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through blood to form secondary tumours

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8
Q

Which tumour leads to cancer - benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

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9
Q

Name a risk factor of developing cancer.

A

Smoking, obesity, common viruses, UV exposure, genetic factors

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10
Q

Name the two ways to treat cancer.

A

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy

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11
Q

What is used in chemotherapy?

A

Chemicals to kill cancer cells, but also healthy cells in the process

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12
Q

What is used in radiotherapy?

A

Targeted doses of radiation

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13
Q

What is the effect of nicotine in tobacco smoke?

A

Addictiveness

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14
Q

Name the carcinogen in tobacco smoke.

A

Tar

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15
Q

Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes lung infection.

A

Stops cilia from working, excess mucus (trapping bacteria in lungs)

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16
Q

Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes cardiovascular diseases.

A

Increase heart rate, damage artery lining, increase risk of clot formation, increase blood pressure

17
Q

State an effect of smoking on fetuses.

A

Premature birth/Low birthweight/Stillbirth

18
Q

Name a risk factor for obesity.

A

Poor/unbalanced diet; lack of exercise; High cholesterol diet

19
Q

Name a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

A

Obesity; Unbalance diet (high sugar diet); Lack of exercise

20
Q

How can a high fat diet lead to coronary heart disease?

A

Fat deposit in coronary arteries

21
Q

Which organ breaks down alcohol before it causes permanent damage?

A

Liver

22
Q

State one disease caused by long-term heavy drinking.

A

Liver cirrhosis/Liver cancer/Brain damage

23
Q

State a risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

A

Miscarriage/Stillbirths/Premature births/Low birthweight

24
Q

Name the condition that babies may have if their mothers drink lots of alcohol during pregnancy.

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

25
Q

How do ionising radiation causes mutation?

A

Penetrates cells and damage chromosomes

26
Q

Name a source of ionising radiation.

A

UV light from sun/Radioactive materials in soil, water, air/Medical and dental X-rays/Accidents in nuclear power stations