Non-communicable diseases

Question 1

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 1

Non-infectious diseases i.e. can’t be passed between organisms

Question 2

Define ‘carcinogens’.

Answer 2

Cancer-causing substances

Question 3

What is the difference between correlation and causal mechanism?

Answer 3

Correlation: A link between two; Causal: One thing leads to the other

Question 4

State a risk factor for non-communicable diseases.

Answer 4

Lifestyle, substance present in body/environment

Question 5

Define ‘tumour’.

Answer 5

A mass of cells grown abnormally (uncontrollable growth)

Question 6

Define ‘benign tumours’.

Answer 6

Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area within a membrane, don’t invade other tissues

Question 7

Define ‘malignant tumours’.

Answer 7

Tumours that invade other tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through blood to form secondary tumours

Question 8

Which tumour leads to cancer - benign or malignant?

Answer 8

Malignant

Question 9

Name a risk factor of developing cancer.

Answer 9

Smoking, obesity, common viruses, UV exposure, genetic factors

Question 10

Name the two ways to treat cancer.

Answer 10

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy

Question 11

What is used in chemotherapy?

Answer 11

Chemicals to kill cancer cells, but also healthy cells in the process

Question 12

What is used in radiotherapy?

Answer 12

Targeted doses of radiation

Question 13

What is the effect of nicotine in tobacco smoke?

Answer 13

Addictiveness

Question 14

Name the carcinogen in tobacco smoke.

Answer 14

Tar

Question 15

Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes lung infection.

Answer 15

Stops cilia from working, excess mucus (trapping bacteria in lungs)

Question 16

Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes cardiovascular diseases.

Answer 16

Increase heart rate, damage artery lining, increase risk of clot formation, increase blood pressure

Question 17

State an effect of smoking on fetuses.

Answer 17

Premature birth/Low birthweight/Stillbirth

Question 18

Name a risk factor for obesity.

Answer 18

Poor/unbalanced diet; lack of exercise; High cholesterol diet

Question 19

Name a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Answer 19

Obesity; Unbalance diet (high sugar diet); Lack of exercise

Question 20

How can a high fat diet lead to coronary heart disease?

Answer 20

Fat deposit in coronary arteries

Question 21

Which organ breaks down alcohol before it causes permanent damage?

Answer 21

Liver

Question 22

State one disease caused by long-term heavy drinking.

Answer 22

Liver cirrhosis/Liver cancer/Brain damage

Question 23

State a risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

Answer 23

Miscarriage/Stillbirths/Premature births/Low birthweight

Question 24

Name the condition that babies may have if their mothers drink lots of alcohol during pregnancy.

Answer 24

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 25

How do ionising radiation causes mutation?

Answer 25

Penetrates cells and damage chromosomes

Question 26

Name a source of ionising radiation.

Answer 26

UV light from sun/Radioactive materials in soil, water, air/Medical and dental X-rays/Accidents in nuclear power stations