Immunity and treatment

Question 1

How does your skin act as a defence against pathogen entry?

Answer 1

Barrier; Antimicrobial secretions; Microorganism layer

Question 2

How does the trachea defend the body against pathogens?

Answer 2

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens + Cilia move mucus up the trachea to be removed

Question 3

How does the stomach defend the body against pathogens?

Answer 3

Hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus/food

Question 4

State the three ways in which white blood cells defend the body.

Answer 4

Engulf pathogens + Produce antibodies + Produce antitoxins

Question 5

What are antibodies?

Answer 5

Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens

Question 6

What are antigens?

Answer 6

Proteins on cell surface for cell recognition

Question 7

What makes up vaccines?

Answer 7

Dead/Inactive pathogens

Question 8

How does vaccination make a person become immune to a disease?

Answer 8

Inactive antigens in vaccine stimulates WBC to make antibodies and memory cells, which stimulates secondary response

Question 9

What is the function of memory cells?

Answer 9

Recognise same pathogen when it invades to produce large number of antibodies in short time

Question 10

What is herd immunity?

Answer 10

Large proportion of population is immune to a disease

Question 11

Painkillers destroy the pathogens in our body. True or false?

Answer 11

FALSE

Question 12

Which pathogen does antibiotics destroy?

Answer 12

Bacteria

Question 13

Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 13

Viruses reproduce inside cells, antibiotics cannot enter cells without damaging the cell

Question 14

How might an antibiotic be useless against a bacteria?

Answer 14

Antibiotic resistance

Question 15

Which plant did the heart drug digitalis originated from?

Answer 15

Foxgloves

Question 16

Which drug originated from willow?

Answer 16

Aspirin

Question 17

Name the microorganism that produces penicillin.

Answer 17

Penicillium

Question 18

New drugs are tested extensively for three factors. Name the three factors.

Answer 18

Toxicity, efficacy, dose

Question 19

What living materials are used in preclinical testing?

Answer 19

Cells, tissues, live animals

Question 20

What is the difference between preclinical testing and clinical trials?

Answer 20

PT: Use cells, tissues, animals; CT: Use healthy volunteers and patients

Question 21

Define ‘placebo’.

Answer 21

A medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested

Question 22

What is a double-blind trial?

Answer 22

Neither the doctors nor the patients know who gets the real drug/placebo