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Animals and plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is plasma in the blood?

A

Yellow liquid that carries blood cells, proteins and dissolved substances around the body

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2
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Biconcave cells that have haemoglobin - carry oxygen

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3
Q

Name the pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

A

Haemoglobin

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4
Q

Which organ system transports substances to and from body cells?

A

Circulatory system

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5
Q

State the functions of white blood cells.

A

Engult pathogens, produce antibodies and antitoxins

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6
Q

How does being biconcave help red blood cells with their function?

A

Increase SA:V for efficient diffusion

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7
Q

How is not having a nucleus good for red blood cells?

A

More space to pack more haemoglobin

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8
Q

State the function of platelets.

A

Blood clotting

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9
Q

Name the blood vessel type that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

A

Artery

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10
Q

Name the blood vessel type that carries blood from the organs back to the heart.

A

Vein

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11
Q

Name the blood vessel type that is found within organs that link arteries and veins.

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

State a structural difference between arteries and veins.

A

A: thicker walls, more elastic tissue, no valves; V: thinner walls, less elastic tissues, have valves

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13
Q

State a difference in the blood flowing in arteries and veins.

A

A: oxygenated, more nutrients, less wastes; V: deoxygenated, less nutrients, more wastes

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14
Q

The flow of blood in veins relies on ??????

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

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15
Q

Why can substances diffuse easily between capillaries and the cells?

A

Thin capillary walls (one cell thick)

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16
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A

One part carries blood between heart and lungs; the other carries blood between heart and other organs

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17
Q

Name the vessels that supply oxygen to the heart muscles.

A

Coronary arteries

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18
Q

Name the large vessel that brings deoxygenated blood back into the heart.

A

Vena cava

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19
Q

Name the upper chambers of the heart.

A

Atria

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20
Q

Name the lower chambers of the heart.

A

Ventricles

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21
Q

Name the vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Name the vessel that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

A

Pulmonary vein

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23
Q

Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood - right or left?

A

Right

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24
Q

Describe the flow of blood as atria of the heart contract.

A

Blood flows from atria down to ventricles

25
Q

Name the large vessel that brings oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body.

A

Aorta

26
Q

Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

To generate more pressure to force blood all over the body (left side only to lungs)

27
Q

What is the function of heart valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

28
Q

Name a method to unblock a coronary artery in the heart.

A

Stent

29
Q

Name a drug that reduces blood cholesterol levels.

A

Statins

30
Q

What can be used to replace a damaged heart valve?

A

Biological or mechanical valves

31
Q

What is a natural pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that controls the resting heart rate

32
Q

Briefly describe how an artificial pacemaker works.

A

Sends strong, regular electrical signals to the heart to stimulate it to contract properly

33
Q

How are artificial hearts used to treat patients with a damaged heart?

A

A temporary treatment while waiting for heart transplant

34
Q

Outline the flow of air from the atmosphere into our lungs, starting from the nasal cavity.

A

Nasal cavity trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli

35
Q

What two structures change the pressure inside the chest cavity to ventilate lungs?

A

Intercostal muscles + Diaphragm

36
Q

Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe in.

A

Contracts and flattens

37
Q

Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe out.

A

Relaxes and return to dome shape

38
Q

State the function of the ribcage.

A

Protect the heart and lungs

39
Q

State one adaptation of the lungs for efficient gas exchange.

A

Lots of alveoli to increase surface area; Rich blood supply/Extensive capillary network; Thin walls (one cell thick)

40
Q

Why is it important for the lungs to have a rich blood supply?

A

Maintain steep concentration gradient for efficient diffusion

41
Q

Name the tissue that covers and protects the surface of plants.

A

Epidermal tissue

42
Q

Name the part of the plant that waterproofs the leaf surface.

A

Waxy cuticle

43
Q

Name the cell that contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

A

Palisade mesophyll cells

44
Q

Briefly explain an adaptation of spongy mesophyll tissue in plants.

A

Big air spaces and large surface area for efficient gas diffusion

45
Q

Briefly describe the arrangement of xylem and phloem in the stem of a plant.

A

Organised in bundles, with xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside

46
Q

State the function of xylem.

A

Transports water and mineral ions from roots to other parts of the plants

47
Q

Name the process of the transport of dissoved sugars in plants.

A

Translocation

48
Q

State the function of phloem.

A

Transports dissolved sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant

49
Q

Which part of the plant allows gases to diffuse in and out of leaves?

A

Stomata

50
Q

What controls the opening and closing of stomata?

A

Guard cells

51
Q

Define ‘transpiration’.

A

Loss of water vapour by evaporation from the leaf surface through stomata

52
Q

Briefly describe the transpiration stream.

A

Constant movement of water through xylem from roots to leaves

53
Q

Increasing the rate of photosynthesis will ?????(increase/decrease) the rate of transpiration.

A

Increase

54
Q

How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?

A

Higher temp increases rate

55
Q

How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?

A

Higher humidity decreases rate

56
Q

How does wind or air flow affect rate of transpiration?

A

More wind increases rate (as maintains steep conc gradient)

57
Q

How does light intensity affect rate of transpiration?

A

More light increases rate

58
Q

Name the equipment used to estimate transpiration rate.

A

Potometer

Biology (22 decks)

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