NON-BITING FLIES Flashcards
1
Q
How many wings do flies have? How many pairs?
A
two wings
one pair
2
Q
What is the order name of flies, and what does it mean?
A
Diptera
“two wings”
3
Q
What fly looks like giant mosquitoes and develops in decaying plant material?
A
crane fly
4
Q
Fly hindwings have been modified to what? What are they used as?
A
modified to: halteres
used as: gyroscopes
5
Q
What is the class of flies?
A
Insecta
6
Q
What outnumbers all animals?
A
arthropods
7
Q
There are over ___ species of flies in North America.
A
16,000
8
Q
Why are flies of medical importance?
A
mechanical vectors
biological vectors
produce medical problems
PESTS
9
Q
What are the adult mouthparts of non-biting flies like?
A
sponging type
10
Q
What is metamorphosis like in non-biting flies?
A
complete metamorphosis
egg -> larva (maggot) -> pupa -> adult
11
Q
What are four examples of flies with a sponging-non biting mouth part?
A
house fly
face fly
flesh fly
blow fly
12
Q
What are the three fly mouthpart types?
A
1) piercing-sucking
2) sponging
3) non-functional (atrophied, vestigial)
13
Q
What are five flies with a piercing-sucking mouthpart?
A
mosquitoes
stable fly
horn fly
tsetse fly
louse fly
14
Q
What are two flies with non functional mouth parts?
A
warble flies
bot flies
15
Q
Describe a sponging mouthpart:
A
tiny grooves absorb fluids through capillary action
16
Q
Describe piercing-sucking mouthparts:
A
hypodermic needle-like mouthparts
17
Q
What are mouthparts of non-feeding adults typically?
A
atrophied
18
Q
House fly
A
Musca domestica
19
Q
Face fly
A
Musca autumnalis
20
Q
bazaar fly
A
Musca sorbens
21
Q
Eye gnat
A
Liohippelates
22
Q
Little house fly
A
Fannia canicularis
23
Q
Flesh flies
A
Sarcophagidae
24
Q
Blow flies
A
Calliphoridae
25
What are 'filth flies'?
house flies (Musca domestica)
face flies (Musca autumnalis)
26
Why are house flies (Musca domestica) and face flies (Musca autumnalis) considered filth flies?
they lay their eggs in manure and the larvae feed on manure
27
Where do adult house flies (Musca domestica) and face flies (Musca autumnalis) frequently feed? Why?
manure fluids
contact with manure allows them to pick up microorganisms
28
What are some significant human pathogens known to contaminate filth flies? (don't nee to know but know causative agent of amoebic and bacillary dysentery that can be carried by flies)
Cholera
eyeworms
hepatitis
leprosy
polio
rotavirus
salmonella
strep
tuberculosis
typhoid fever
29
Anything that can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route can also be:
mechanically transmitted by flies
30
How do sponging mouthparts work if these flies cannot chew food?
1) proboscis extends when sensors on feet are stimulated
2) salivary fluids are extruded onto food and externally digest
3) resulting material is imbibed via capillary action (aka absorbed from the fly)
31
Flies with sponging mouthparts can still bite if necessary.
T or F
FALSE
they do not have biting mouth parts
32
The fly proboscis with a sponging mouthpart LOOKS like a sponge. What does it have/how do they work?
tiny grooves absorb fluids through capillary action
33
Typical muscoid eggs are about how long?
1.5 mm
34
What is the strategy for where muscoid eggs are laid?
they cannot crawl long distances without drying out, therefore the mother fly lays the eggs in a habitat where the larvae will be feeding so they do not have to crawl far
35
Most higher flies have what larvae?
vermiform larvae aka maggots
36
Vermiform larvae descriptions:
-poorly chitinized (only cephalopharyngeal skeleton = mouthparts)
-difficult to i.d.
-found in moist habitats (easily dried out)
37
What are the two necessities of vermiform larvae (maggots)?
1) Moisture
2) Organic material
38
What is chitin?
substance that hardens insect exoskeleton
39
How do vermiform larva feed?
cephalopharyngeal skeleton which is visible through the exoskeleton on the posterior end
40
What does larva form, and how?
puparium
by hardening of larval skin
41
Larval development through 3 instars typically requires a few days to a month depending on what?
food availability and temperature
42
What happens in the puparium?
the larva emerges into a fly and fully forms then emerges
43
Do house flies feed in the pupal stage?
NO
they use stored energy
44
Do house flies pupate in a silk cocoon?
NO
they pupate in a puparium that is hardened skin of the last larval stage
45
What color indicates the oldest house fly puparium?
Dark black
White /cream -> Reddish -> black
46
What is the plural of puparium?
puparia
47
How does a fly emerge from a puparium?
end of puparium pops off and fly emerges head first
48
When is a fly most vulnerable?
an adult house fly with wings which have not yet expanded
it cannot fly- so it cannot escape predators
49
How does a fly expand its wings?
it forces hemolymph (insect blood) out through the wing veins and hydraulic pressure forces the wings to expand
once dry, the fly can fly
50
When do flies typically mate?
soon after emerging from puparium
51
What do females do after emerging from the puparium?
seek food; nutrients used to develop eggs
52
Females are able to oviposit ___ days following mating. (oviposit = to lay eggs)
2-3 days after mating
53
How many eggs does Musca Domestica (house fly) produce per batch? How long does it take the eggs to hatch? How long can larval development be? When can adults emerge?
100 to 150 eggs per batch
can hatch within one day
can be as short as three days
adults can emerge within three days of pupation
54
Insects are poikilotherms. What does this mean?
development rate varies with temperature, body temp changes depending on environment
55
Where is a typical house fly developmental site?
organic material
moisture
aka manure
56
What are three ways for fly control?
1) exclusion - keeping flies out of structures (closed doors, screens)
2) source reduction - eliminating larval development sites (clean and dry environments)
3) sanitation - eliminating food and other attractant substances (so it doesn't smell good to flies)
57
What is biological control?
parasitoids (organism that spends immature stages in or on another organism eventually killing the host)
predators
pathogens
competitors to eliminate
58
Most insects ARE affected by human pathogens.
T or F
FALSE
Most insects are NOT affected by human pathogens - they have their own diseases.
59
What is a competitor of the house fly? Why?
dung beetles
they disrupt manure maximizing rapid drying which causes maggots to dry out and die
60
Why is commercial production of dung beetles probably not feasible?
unpredictable control
life cycle takes a full year
slow reproducers
61
How are traps used for flies? What are some negatives?
light traps
probably won't diminish population
also indiscriminate - affects beneficial insects and pests
62
What are three examples of chemical control?
1) insecticides
2) adulticides : kill adult flies
3) larvicides : kill larvae (maggots) [has to be in their moist habitat, applying spray to a wet habitat dilutes spray]
63
Pyrethroids
vs.
Pyrethrins
Pyrethroids: synthetic forms of a naturally-occurring botanical insecticide pyrethrin
Pyrethrins: natural, botanical insecticide extracted from chrysanthemum flowers (extremely low mammalian toxicity BUT it is broken down by UV radiation)
64
Why were Pyrethroids made? Why not just stick to pyrethrins as they are natural?
Pyrethrin is broken down easily via UV radiation which makes it not effective when broken down. Pyrethroids are much more persistent and last longer following the application and can be used on animals out in the sunlight and have very low mammalian toxicity.
65
What has low mammalian toxicity, knocks down flies, but has no persistence?
Pyrethrins
66
What does it mean when something breaks down upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation?
Photolabile
67
Where are insecticides and other control recommendations annually updated?
Georgia Pest Management Handbook
68
What does the face fly (Musca autumnalis) mechanically vector?
Moraxella bovis (pink eye)
Thelazia (eyeworm)
69
What is bovine keratoconjunctivitis?
pink eye
Mortadella bovis
70
How can the bacterial infection of pink eye be treated?
antibiotics, however putting antibiotic drops in a cow's eye is difficult
71
When breaking down "keratoconjunctivitis" what does each part mean?
"kerato"
"conjuctiv"
"itis"
kerato: cornea
conjuctiv: conjunctiva
itis: inflammation
72
Where do face flys oviposit?
fresh BOVINE feces
aka specifically fresh cattle feces
73
Where do face fly larvae feed and develop?
feed and develop in the manure pat
74
What is the compound in the face fly puparium that makes it white?
calcium carbonate
75
What is Moraxella bovis? What causes it?
pink eye
face fly (Musca autumnalis)
76
What is Thelazia? What causes it?
eye worms
face fly (Musca autumnalis)
77
Eyeworms official name is:
Thelazia
78
Pink eye official name is:
Moraxella bovis
79
Where did the face fly originate?
Europe
unintentionally introduced to North America
80
What is the difference between the face fly (Musca autumnalis) puparia and house fly (Musca domestica) puparia?
face fly: calcified
house fly: chitinized
81
Musca sorbens
Bazaar fly
82
What causes a human enteric disease?
the bazaar fly
Musca sorbens
83
What is Musca sorbent (bazaar fly) similar to?
the common house fly as they are both closely associated with humans
84
Why are bazaar flies (Musca sorbens) particularly a problem for humans and animals in xeric regions (like deserts)?
there is a scarcity for moisture which is found near eyes, mouth, and nose on humans
85
What can bazaar flies (Musca sorbens) cause?
trachoma
86
What is trachoma? What causes it?
chlamydial infection of the tissue lining the eyelid; it is irritating and causes clouding of the cornea and untreated can result in blindness
Musca sorbens (bazaar fly)
87
What is the genus of the eye gnat?
Liohippelates
88
Liohippelates
eye gnat
89
Where do eye gnats feed?
around the eyes and body orifices, lapping fluids
90
What can eye flies (genus: liohippelates) mechanically vector?
mechanically vector the causative agent of yaws and some other diseases
(yaws is not present in North America)
91
What is yaws disease?
a chronic infectious disease caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue
92
What does yaws disease affect?
skin
bones
cartilages
jointsWh
93
What does liohippelates (eye gnat) feed on?
fluids from body orifices and fluid from wounds
94
What is the causative agent of yaws?
Treponema pallidum pertenue
95
Where is yaws primarily found?
warm humid areas
Africa
Asia
Latin America
the Pacific
96
Without treatment of yaws, what can happen?
chronic disfigurement and disability
97
How can yaws be treated?
antibiotics
98
What thrives in south Georgia's friable sandy soils?
Eye gnat
99
Where do eye gnat larvae develop?
decaying organic material in ag fields
100
Fannia canicularis
little house fly
101
What are cool season pests in open-sided poultry houses?
Little house flies (Fannia canicularis)
102
Where do little house fly (Fannia canuclaris) larvae develop?
poultry manure
103
What pathogens do little house flies (fannia canicularis) carry?
Exotic Newcastle disease virus
104
Do little house flies (fannia canicularis) like to enter homes?
RARELY enter homes
105
What doe little house fly (fannia canicularis) larvae look like?
spiky looking larvae
106
Flesh fly
Sarcophagidae
107
What fly(s) are best used for forensic entomology
Flesh fly - sarcophagidae
Blowfly - calliphoridae
108
Larviparous meaning
eggs hatch internally so larvae are 'laid' by female
109
How/ where do flesh flys (sarcophagidae) lay eggs?
they don't
they hatch internally (larviparous)
larvae is laid
110
Flesh flies (sarcophagidae) are beneficial to forensic entomology why?
provide post-mortem interval estimations
111
Robust setae on posterior are typical of what fly?
Sarcophagidae (flesh fly)
112
Blow flies
Calliphoridae
113
What is distinct about blowflies (calliphoridae)?
metallic appearance
green, black, blue, bronze
114
Where are Calliphoridaes (blowflies) common?
decaying carcasses
115
What do calliphoridaes (blowflies) provide for forensics?
post-mortem interval estimations
116
What is one of the first species to reach a carcass upon death?
calliphoridae
aka blowfly
117
Tremendous numbers of calliphorids can be produced at a carcass. T or F
TRUE
