BITING FLIES Flashcards
1
Q
Stable Fly
A
Stomoxys calcitrans
2
Q
Stomoxys calcitrans
A
stable fly
3
Q
Horn fly
A
Haematobia irritans
4
Q
Haematobia irritans
A
Horn fly
5
Q
Deer / horse fly
A
Tabanidae
6
Q
Tabanidae
A
Deer/horse fly
7
Q
Biting midge
A
Culicoides
8
Q
Culicoides
A
biting midge
9
Q
Black fly
A
Simuliidae
10
Q
Simuliidae
A
black fly
11
Q
Sandfly
A
Phlebotomus
12
Q
Phlebotomus
A
sandfly
13
Q
Tsetse fly
A
Glossina morsitans
14
Q
Glossina morsitans
A
Tsetse fly
15
Q
How do male and female stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) feed?
A
suck blood - they’re haematophagous (this just means blood feeding)
16
Q
Worldwide, there are ___ species of Stomoxys.
A
18
17
Q
What is the sole species of Stomoxys in the Americas?
A
the stable fly
Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus)
18
Q
Where is the Stomoxys calcitran native?
A
Africa
Europe
Asia
the Orient
19
Q
What portion of the body do stable flies (Stomoxys calcitran) feed?
A
lower portion of the body
20
Q
What are some avoidance behaviors of an animal bit by a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitran)?
A
Running
kicking
stamping
head-slinging
licking
tail-swinging
bunching
21
Q
Why are avoidance behaviors from stable flies (Stomoxys calcitran) negative to the mammal?
A
it reduces feeding time
wastes energy
raises body temp.
all which reduce weight gain and milk production
22
Q
What is the benefit of bunching to the cattle inside the cluster?
A
-protection from the flies
-able to feed free of fly irritant
23
Q
What makes wonderful damp incubators for stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) larvae? Why?
A
compost piles
organic material for food, and is moist but covered with a dry thatch
24
Q
What are the necessities for stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) larval habitat?
A
damp
decomposing plant material
25
How does the larval habitat differ from stable flies compared to others studied?
they do NOT develop in manure like the others
26
Why might you find stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) commonly around golf courses?
they are frequently mowed and grass clippings are dumped on-site decomposing to produce perfect stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans) larval medium
27
What do both sexes of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) feed on?
hematophagous
blood feed
28
Where do stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) attack dogs?
around their head
29
How do you help dogs escape stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans)?
provide access to dog house or another escape enclosure so flies cannot get them
30
Why are stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) associated with livestock?
moist decaying hay mixed with urine is an ideal developmental habitat for the larvae
31
What do horse owners use to deter stable fly (stomoxys calcitran) feeding?
fans
32
What are stable flies (stomoxys calcitran) a mechanical vector of?
equine infectious anemia virus
bovine leukosis virus
^ causing illness in cattle and horses
33
Stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) are the obligate developmental vector of what?
the nematode that causes summer sores in horses
34
What is the most significant ectoparasite (outside parasite) of cattle in North America?
horn fly (Haematobia irritans)
35
What do BOTH sexes of a horn fly (Haematobia irritans) feed on?
BOTH are hematophagous (blood sucking)
36
Where do horn flies (haematobia irritans) spend their entire life? What does this mean for insecticides?
on the host
more effective (but many have developed resistance)
37
What diseases do horn flies (Haematobia irritans) spread?
no known
BUT the irritation produced by their feeding reduces cattle weight gain and has a significant economic impact
38
What is smaller: a horn fly (haematobia irritans) or a stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans)?
horn flies are smaller
about 2/3 the size of stable flies
39
What are horn fly (haematobia irritans) mouthparts?
proboscis
this is what pierces to bite
each fly bites at least once an hour around the clock, and there are LARGE populations on the animal....much discomfort
40
Where do horn flies (haematobia irritans) oviposit?
ONLY in fresh bovine manure
larvae feed on manure, then pupate under the manure
41
Remember where each fly develops:
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans):
Horn flies (Haematobia irritans):
House flies (Musca domestica):
Little house fly (Fannia cannicularis):
Flesh flies (Sacrophagidae):
Blow flies (Calliphoridae):
Deer flies (Tabanidae):
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans): decaying plant material
Horn flies (Haematobia irritans): bovine manure
House flies (Musca domestica): garbage
Little house fly (Fannia cannicularis): manure
Flesh flies (Sacrophagidae): carcasses
Blow flies (Calliphoridae): carcasses
Deer flies (Tabanidae): aquatic situations
42
What fly develops in aquatic situations (has semi-aquatic larva)?
deer fly (tabanidae)
43
Where exactly does deer fly (Tabanidae) larva develop?
in mud, muck around the pond margin
44
Do both sexes of deer fly (tabanidae) feed on blood?
NO NO NO
ONLY FEMALES BLOOD FEED
45
Do deer fly (tabanidae) mechanically or biologically transfer diseases?
BOTH
46
What agents do deer fly (tabanidae) mechanically transfer?
anthrax
tularemia ("deer fly fever")
equine infectious anemia
others
47
What are deer fly (tabanidae) responsible for biologically transmitting?
arterial nematodes of deer and sheep
48
Why is source reduction of deer fly (tabanidae) not feasible?
they are strong fliers and many originate miles away from host
49
What is the most important deer fly (tabanidae) transmitted disease agent of humans? What does it cause?
the African eye worm (Loa loa)
it causes loiasis
50
How is the African eyesore (Loa loa) transmitted by the deer fly (tabanidae)? Where?
biologically transmitted
Africa's equatorial rain forests
51
How does the African eyeworm (Loa loa) transfer from the fly to a host?
1) Fly feeds on infected person and ingests microfilarie with blood
2) microfilarie penetrate the midgut and develop in the body fat of the fly
3) microfilarie molt to second-stage larvae and move to head and mouthparts of fly
4) larvae goes to third-stage
5) infected fly feeds on someone and the infective larvae escape from fly mouthparts and enter new host through the bite wound during feeding
52
Infected deer flies (tabanidae) may produce how many L. loa?
100 or more
53
What kind of response does Loa loa produce?
inflammatory response as they move through tissues
54
Is Loa loa visible? Can they be removed?
adults are often clearly visible
can sometimes be surgically removed
55
Where do adult nematodes of Loa loa live?
live in subcutaneous tissues of vertebrate host
thorax
scalp
axillary regions
eyes
56
What is the size range of adult Loa loa?
2 to 7 cm
57
Mature L. loa mate and produce what?
microfilariae
58
What can be caused due to the Loa loa?
Calabar swelling
59
What is calabar swelling?
localized subcutaneous edema
60
What is calabar swelling characterized by?
erythema (redness of skin/increase blood flow)
heat
pain
itching
61
Can the worm be seen when calabar swelling is occurring?
OCCASIONALLY worm can be seen moving under skin
62
What is the probable cause of calabar swelling in some?
host allergic reaction to worm metabolic products
63
What is the most effective way to suppress a pest?
target the immature stages
64
Immature stages:
Stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans)
Horn flies (haematobia irritans)
Deer flies (tabanidae)
Stable flies: decaying plant material
Horn flies: fresh bovine manure
Deer flies: semi-aquatic situations (mud around pond margin)
65
What are three nicknames for biting midges (culicoides)?
no-see-ums
punkies
biting midges
66
What is the genus of biting midges?
Culicoides
67
Culicoides
biting midges
68
Where do biting midge larvae develop?
in mud around pond margin
69
How big are adult biting midges (culicoides) ?
one to two millimeters long
70
How do they get the name no-see-ums?
they are so small, difficult to see so they sneak in, bite a person, and leave before being noticed
71
What virus is transmitted by biting midges (culicoides)?
cyanotic tongue
72
What is the cyanotic tongue also called?
blue tongue virus
73
What does BTV (blue tongue virus) affect?
cattle
sheep
other ruminants
74
What can the blue tongue virus range from?
mild inapparent infection to acute fatal disease
75
What happens to one who is infected with blue tongue disease?
oral lesions with ulceration and sloughing
coronary band inflammation
fluid accumulation in lungs (respiratory insufficiency leads to the blue tongue)
internal hemorrhaging
76
Why is it called blue tongue virus?
the fluid accumulation in lungs leading to respiratory insufficiency leads to the cyanosis/ blue tongue
77
What is coronitis and what does it cause?
coronary band inflammation makes standing painful so animal makes a hunch back posture
this causes depression and can result in abortion
78
What causes the sweet itch / summer eczema?
culicoides (biting midges)
culicoides hypersensitivity
79
What is the sweet itch/summer eczema/culicoides hypersensitivity?
culicoides saliva can produce severe pruritus causing the horse to scratch relentlessly
80
What is the result of sweet itch/summer eczema/culicoides hypersensitivity?
areas of alopecia
hyperkeratosis
81
Are all horses sensitive to culicoides (biting midge) bites?
no, some are highly sensitive and some unaffected
82
What medical importance do culicoides (biting midges) have?
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus of white-tail deer
83
Simuliidae
buffalo gnat
black fly
84
buffalo gnat or black fly
simuliidae
85
Where do black fly/buffalo gnat (simuliidae) larvae live?
attached to substrate in flowing streams
86
Adult simuliidae (buffalo gnat/black fly) are known as what?
haematophagous (blood feeding)
87
Where do adult simuliidae (black fly/buffalo gnat) typically feed? What does this cause?
inside horse ears leaving scabby, inflamed, bleeding, ear sensitivity
88
Are simuliidae (black fly/buffalo gnat) large?
No
only slightly larger than culicoides (biting midges)
2 to 3 mm long
89
How do simuliidae (black fly/buffalo gnat) make putting a halter on a horse difficult?
since they feed in ears and create much irritation, horses now do not want you touching their ears
head shy
90
What do black flies (simuliidae) transmit through their bites?
Leucocytozoon
91
What does leucocytozoon cause?
a malaria-like condition in chickens
diff. species affect ducks, turkeys, other avian species
92
Why is it less common for chickens to get Leucocytozoon from black flies (simuliidae)?
black flies do not usually enter buildings
poultry can be protected from infection by housing flocks inside
93
What is the sand fly genus?
Phlebotomus
94
What is the sand fly family?
Psychodidae
95
Psychodidae
family of sandfly
96
Phlebotomus
genus of sandfly
97
Where do sandfly larvae develop?
on organic debris in host nest burrow
98
What do Phlebotomus (sandfly) look like?
very small delicate mosquitoes
99
What two things do phlenotomus (sandfly) flies transmit?
causative agent of human leishmaniasis
causative agent of canine leishmaniasis
100
What transmits the causative agent of human leishmaniasis?
Phlebotomus (sandfly)
101
What transmits the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis?
Phlebotomus (sandfly)
102
What are phlebotomine sandfly bite lesions caused by?
reaction to salivary secretions
103
What pathogen causes lesions from phlebotomine sandly bites
TRICK QUESTION NOTHING
they aren't caused by a pathogen they are caused by a REACTION to the salivary secretions
104
What is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis?
leishmania
105
Canine leishmaniasis (from phleobotomus sand flies) causes what?
alopecia: hair loss
exfoliative dermatitis: skin scaling or epidermal sloughing (shedding dead /outer layer skin)
106
What is needed to be looked out for to make sure a canine is not infected with canine leishmaniasis?
ask queries about animal importation
dogs returning from Iraq and Afghanistan may introduce the pathogen
107
How long can the disease of canine leishmaniasis manifest?
months to years and may become symptomatic after release from quarantine
108
Larvae develop in:
Biting midge (culicoides)
Black fly (simuliidae)
Sand fly (phlebotomine)
Biting midge (culicoides): muck surrounding ponds
Black fly (simuliidae): flowing streams (oxygenated water)
Sand fly (phlebotomine): host underground burrows
109
Hippoboscidae
louse flies/keds/unusual wingless flies
110
Louse flies/keds/unusual wingless flies
Hippoboscidae
111
The sheep led is often called what? Why is this nickname untrue?
sheep tick
ticks have 8 legs, keds have 6
112
Where do sheep ked stages occur?
all stages occur in host
never has wings
113
Does a deer ked have wings?
when it emerges from puparium yes
BUT
they break off as soon as it lands on host
114
Lipoptena mazamae
deer ked
115
Deer ked
lipoptena mazamae
116
Melophagus ovinus
sheep ked
117
Sheep ked
Melophagus ovinus
118
What are three Hippoboscidae?
Pigeon fly
Deer ked
Sheep ked
119
Nycteribiidae
bat flies
120
Bat flies
Nycteribiidae
Streblidae
121
T or F: Nycteribiidae is NOT host specific.
FALSE...it's literally in the name bat fly
HIGHLY HOST SPECIFIC
122
What do male and female bat flies (Nycteribiidae/Streblidae) feed on?
BOTH SEXES feed on blood
123
What do bat flies (Nycteribiidae/Streblidae) look like?
spider-like appearance
no eyes
no wings
124
Streblidae
bat flies
125
Do bat flies transmit disease agents?
NOPE
just a Newley discovered wingless fly that is a parasite living on host
126
What is the most important biting fly?
tsetse fly (glossina spp.)
127
What do tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) transmit?
trypanosomes (protozoa) (Trypanosoma spp.) which cause African sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis?
128
What do trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.) cause?
African sleeping sickness/African trypanosomiasis
129
Where are Glossina species found?
only in Africa
130
Where is African sleeping sickness found?
only in Africa
131
What is African sleeping sickness also called?
African trypanosomiasis
132
What do the trypanosomes do?
cross the blood-brain barrier
133
What do trypanosomes cause as they cross the blood-brain barrier?
cerebral inflammation (brain tissue inflammation)
134
What are symptoms of trypanosomes?
anxiety
drowsiness during the day
insomnia at night
fever
headache
mood changes
uncontrollable sleepiness
sweating
weight loss
swollen lymph nodes all over body
weakness
135
What produces lethargy and torpor (decreased physiological activity)?
cerebral inflammation due to trypanosomes
136
What are the two infections of Trypanosoma brucei?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
137
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
chronic form accounting for 98% of infections
138
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
acute form accounting for 2% of infections
139
Without treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense what could occur?
fatal
140
When is diagnosis essential of Trypanosoma brucei? Why?
before trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier
so treatment could eliminate blood-borne form before it gets to brain
141
When is trypanosomes much less accessible to drugs? Why?
once parasites invade central nervous system
most drugs won't penetrate the blood-brain barrier
142
Prior to fexinidazole, how were treatments for Trypanosoma brucei administered? Why was this bad?
intravenously (fast acting through IV), twice a day, in a hospital for a week
but they had severe side effects and could result in death
143
In 2019 orally administered fexinidazole pills were approved. What did it do?
treated all stages of the disease and can be administered at home
144
What do trypanosomes undergo in their life cycle?
complex morphological changes as they move from vector (Glossina) to vertebrate host (humans)
145
Fexinidazole Winthrop
10 day treatment cures African trypanosomiasis
treats all stages of disease- so it can be used after it crosses blood-brain barrier
distribution simplified so can reach remote areas (no refrigerator needed, administered at home)
146
Is the tsetse (glossina morsitans) larvae large or small?
relatively large - it is about 1/3 the size of mother
147
What does the tsetse (glossina morsitans) larvae do once laid?
immediately burrows into soil and pupates
148
Where do tsetse (glossina morsitans) lay eggs?
TRICK QUESTION they don't
they are larviparous
the egg hatches inside mother, once larva is grown as large as it is going to get, it emerges
149
Oviposit
lay eggs
150
Larviposit
give birth to living larva
151
What does the tsetse (glossina morsitans) larva do within a few days of burrowing into soil and pupating?
new adult fly emerges from puparium
crawls through soil
looks for blood meal
152
What do male and female tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) feed on?
BOTH male and female feed on blood
must find warm blooded host to feed
153
Where do tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) mate?
near host
154
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
vs.
Trypanosoma brucei gambinese and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
T. b. brucei = Nagana (cattle)
T. b. g. and T. b. r. = African sleeping sickness (human)
155
Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei gambinese and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense arę all what?
subspecies of the same species
156
What is infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei?
only cattle
157
What happens to infected cattle with T. b. brucei?
frequently die
if survival occurs, chronically infected and show wasting, losing weight, losing body condition, reduced fertility, reduced milk production, impaired work capability
158
Is T. b. rhodesience zoonosis?
YES cattle are the reservoir which the tsetse fly acquires trypanosome from a carrier cow and transmits to the human
159
Can the cow that is carrying T. b. rhodesiense get infected with it?
NO ONLY T. B. BRUCEI INFECTS CATTLE
160
What are humans the reservoir of? What kind of transmission?
T. b. gambiense
human to human transmission via tsetse fly
161
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
vs.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
T. b. gambiense:
long incubation period
asymptomatic phase
fever, myalgia, headache
chronic encephalitis (brain inflammation long term)
daytime somnolence-headaches
weight loss
T. b. rhodesiense:
shortened incubation period
high fever, myalgia, rigors, sweating
neurological involvement progress
septic shock
intravascular coagulation
multi-organ failure within first few days
BOTH FATAL IF LEFT UNTREATED
162
Other than the humans themselves; what do African sleeping sickness and nagana affect?
economy
society
-limiting economic development
-major obstacle to economic development of effected rural areas
163
Nagana and both strains of African sleeping sickness are caused by what?
Trypanosoma brucei
^tsetse fly carries
164
Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes:
nagana
^ animal sickness that affects cattle
165
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes:
the African sleeping sickness that afflicts people in the western part of the African continent
chronic trypanosomiasis
166
What causes 98% of human cases of human African trypanosomiasis?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
167
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cuases:
the acute onset form of trypanosomiasis found in Eastern Africa
168
What is the difference between Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei?
Trypanosoma cruzi: Chagas disease
-Triatomine bugs (kissing bugs), the bug bites the person, defecates near wound, person scratches site rubbing parasite into skin (also could be by blood transfusion, mother to baby, organ transplantation, contaminated food or drink)
-chronic so all can happen years later: heart problems, enlarged colon/esophagus, can lead to heart failure or sudden death
-early symptoms = fever, swollen lymph nodes, romana sign (swelling near eye if infected near face)
Trypanosoma brucei: A. sleeping sickness
-Tsetse fly (Glossina), fly bites and injects the parasite directly into bloodstream
-late stage: confusion, sleep disturbances, personality changes, seizures, coma and death if untreated
-early: fever, headache, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes
169
CONSIDERABLE TIME WAS SPENT ON TSETSE FLY....LIKELY MANY QUESTIONS
CONSIDERABLE TIME WAS SPENT ON TSETSE FLY....LIKELY MANY QUESTIONS
