Nomenclature - naming organic compounds Flashcards
What is a systematic name?
Systematic names tell us about the structures of the compounds rather than just the formula
A systematic name will have a ROOT, what does ROOT tell us?
The root tells us the longest unbranched hydrocarbon chain or ring
List all the root names, depending on the number of carbon atoms:
START POINT: meth- = 1 carbon atom
1 carbon atom = METH-
2 carbon atom = DI-
3 carbon atom = PROP-
4 carbon atom = BUT-
5 carbon atom = HEPT-
6 carbon atom = HEX-
7 carbon atom = SEPT-
8 carbon atom = OCT-
9 carbon atom = NON-
10 carbon atom = DEC-
What are the two syllable options?
What does each syllable represent?
You can get ANE- or ENE-
single bonds = ANE-
double bonds = ENE-
What follows the ROOT?
What does this tell us about the organic compound?
A SYLLABLE follows ROOT which tells us whether there are any double bonds present
What do prefixes/suffixes describe?
Where are prefixes/suffixes placed in when naming the organic compound?
Prefixes/suffixes describe the changes made to the root molecule
Prefixes are placed at the beginning of the root and suffixes are placed at the ending of the root
What is the additional prefix hydrocarbon rings have?
Hydrocarbon ring molecules will have additional the prefix, “cyclo”
What are functional groups?
Reactive groups which are attached to organic compounds, which react the same way no matter the length of the hydrocarbon
What are the suffixes of all these family groups?
1)Alkanes
2)Alkenes
3)Halogenoalkanes
4)Alcohols
5)Aldehydes
6)Ketones
7)Carboxylic acids
1)Alkanes = -ANE
2)Alkenes = -ENE
3)Halogenoalkanes = THERE IS NO SUFFIX
4)Alcohols = -OL
5)Aldehydes = -AL
6)Ketones = -ONE
7)Carboxylic acids = -OIC ACID
What do halogenoalkanes have instead of suffixes?
What are the prefixes halogenoalkanes use instead of their suffixes
Halogenoalkanes are named using the prefixes from fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine rather than a suffix
Fluorine = FLUORO-
Chlorine = CHLORO-
Bromine = BROMO-
Iodine = IODO-
How would you draw in a halogenoalkane into a organic compound?
To draw in a halogenoalkane into an organic compound, you would remove one of the hydrogen atoms and replace it with either a bromine, fluorine, chlorine or iodine atom
What do chain positions address when naming organic compounds?
When naming organic compounds, chain positions address where a side chain/functional group is located on the main chain
What is used to state the position of a side group/functional group? What is the term to describe this “thing” used to position side groups/functional groups?
A number (locant) is used to tell us the position of any branching functional group in a chain
What are structural isomers?
Structural isomers are organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
If a structure has more than one functional group what happens?
For example, a molecule with a bromine atom on the second carbon atom and a iodine atom on the first carbon atom
The bromine would be written before the iodine atom because the substituting groups are placed in alphabetical order
How would you show there was more than one substituting group on an organic compound?
More than one of the same substituting group would be shown by adding a prefi like di-, tri- or tetra- to show the number of groups present
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is the general formula for alkenes?
Alkanes: Cn H2n+2
Alkenes: Cn H2n
What does the length of a carbon chain have little effect on?
What does the length of a carbon chain have an affect on?
The length of the carbon chain has little effect on the chemical reactivity of the functional group
The length of the carbon chain affects physical properties, like melting points, boiling points and solubility
What happens to the melting and boiling points as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases?
The melting and boiling points increase by a small amount as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases
Why do the melting and boiling points increase as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increase?
The melting and boiling points increase by a small amount as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases because the intermolecular forces increase
How does the branching of chains affect their melting and boiling points?
Boiling points and melting points decreases because there are fewer intermolecular forces between the molecules due to the branching between the chains. The branching between the chains prevents the chains from packing closer together
