Nomenclature

Question 1

IUPAC Naming Steps

Answer 1

1) Identify longest carbon chain containing the highest order functional group
2) Number the chain
3) Name the substituents
4) Assign a Number to each Substituent
5) Complete the name

Question 2

IUPAC: Identify Longest Carbon Chain containing Highest Order Fxnal Group

Answer 2

this is parent chain, determines the root of name

highest priority fxnal group provides the suffix

more substituted chain gains priority as the parent chain

Question 3

IUPAC: Number the chain

Answer 3

carbon numbered 1 will be that closest to the highest-priority functional group!!

***rings are also numbered starting from point of highest substitution

Question 4

The more oxidized a carbon…

Answer 4

the higher its priority!

Question 5

Oxidation state increases with more bonds to _ and decreases with more bonds to __

Answer 5

heteroatoms , hydrogen

Question 6

When concerning double and triple bonds for priority…

Answer 6

double bonds have higher priority

Question 7

Naming Carbon Chain Substituents

Answer 7

the suffix -ane is shifted to -yl

ex: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl

Question 8

Common Alkyl Substituents

Answer 8

t-butyl, neopentyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl

Question 9

When there are multiple substituents of the same type,…

Answer 9

use the prefixes di-,tri-, tetra- before the substituents name

Question 10

Completing the name…

Answer 10

start with substituents in alphabetical order with their carbon numbers coming before the name

**PREFIXES LIKE DI, TRI ARE IGNORED

**HOWEVER ISO, NEO, CYCLO are included!!!

then end with name of backbone chain with the suffix of highest priority functional group

ex: 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethyloctane

Question 11

Alkanes

Answer 11

simple hydrocarbons with the formula: C(n)H(2n+2)

prefix: alkyl-
suffix: -ane

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane

Question 12

Alkyl Halides

Answer 12

just add: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo as prefix before the alkane name

ex: fluorohexane

Question 13

Alkenes and Alkynes

Answer 13

double and single bonded carbon chains respectively

prefix: alkenyl and alkynyl respectively

end with the suffix: -ene and -yne respectively

number for the substituent can be a prefix or in the middle

Question 14

Alcohols

Answer 14

replace the -e with -ol
prefix: hydroxy

ethane -> ethanol

ex: 5-methyl-2-heptanol

carbon attached to the oxygen of alcohol is given the lowest carbon number as that carbon is the most oxidized

***if it is not the highest, priority group, then it is hydroxy- prefix

Question 15

Common name Alcohol

Answer 15

alkyl group + alcohol

ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol ; as opposed to ethanol and 2-propanol

Question 16

Diols/Glycols

Answer 16

alcohols with two hydroxyl groups ; the alcohol groups must be numbered and the suffix for the main carbon chain will be -diol

Question 17

Geminal Diol/ Hydrates

Answer 17

Diols with two hydroxyl groups on name carbon

not often seen because they spontaneously dehydrate turning into a carbonyl

Question 18

Vicinal Diol

Answer 18

Diols with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons

Question 19

Aldehydes

Answer 19

contain carbonyl, chain terminating (appear at end of chain)

often take precedence, suffix foes from -e to -al

butanal

Question 20

Ketones

Answer 20

contain carbonyl, appear in the middle of chain

-e is replaced with suffix -one

Commonly named by listing all the alkyl groups in alphabetical order and then ending with ketone such as: ethylmethylketone

Question 21

Common names of methanal, propanal, ethanal

Answer 21

formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and acetalaldehyde respectively

Question 22

Smallest possible ketone

Answer 22

Acetone (2 carbons)

Question 23

When higher priority groups are around than aldehydes and ketones…

Answer 23

prefix oxo- is used, sometimes keto- for ketones

Question 24

Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta Carbons

Answer 24

A - Carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon
B - Carbon adjacent to A
G - Carbon adjacent to B
D - Carbon adjacent to G

Question 25

Carboxylic Acid

Answer 25

contain carbonyl group and hydroxyl group on a terminal carbon

It is the MOST oxidized functional group so always prioritized first

prefix: carboxy-
suffix: -e goes to -oic acid
ex: methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid

Question 26

Common names for:
methanoic Acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid

Answer 26

formic acid, acteic acid, propionic acid

Question 27

Esters

Answer 27

carboxylic acid with an -OR instead of -OH

prefx: alkoxcarbonyl-

2 parts in naming:

1) bonded to O: alkyl name
2) bonded to carbonyl carbon: -oic acid suffix is replaced with -oate

ex: ethyl propanoate

Question 28

Amides

Answer 28

hydroxyl group is replaced with a amino group attached to the carbonyl carbon

Prefix: amido/carbmoyl

named similarly like esters but -oate is changed to amide and substituents bound to the nitrogen are labeled with N- prefix

ex: N-ethyl-N-methylbutanamide

Question 29

Anhydrides

Answer 29

occur when two carboxylic molecules are dehydrated

many are cyclic

prefix: alkanoyloxycarbonyl
suffix: acid is replaced with anhydride

if unsymetric, both carboxylic acids are named before anhydride is added

ethanoic propanoic anhydrie

Question 30

Order of priority

Answer 30

Carboxylic
Anhydride
Ester
Amide
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Alkene~Alkyne
Alkane