Alcohols Flashcards
General Formula
R-OH
Nomenclature IUPAC
-e of alkane root is changed to -ol
Nomenclature Common Name
name alkyl group as a derivative and followed by alcohol
ex: ethyl alcohol
When alcohol is NOT the highest prority group, it is named as a substituent with the prefix ____
hydroxy-
Phenols
hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic rings
the hydroxyl H is particularly acidic due to the resonance
When benzene rings contain two substituents, two groups on ADJACENT carbons are called ________ and two groups SEPERATED by a carbon are called ______. Two groups on OPPOSITE sides of the ring are called _____
ortho
meta
para
One of the prominent properties of alcohols is that tey are capable of _________ which results in higher melting and boiling points.
Molecules with more than one hydroxyl group show greater degrees of ______
hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen Bond
induction from oxygen pulls electrons away from hydrogen to make + charge on H and - charge on O which then leads to a noncovalent bond between the H and O.
Strong acids have high ____ values and low ____ values meaning that _____ are the most acidic alcohols.
This is because of the _______ , the negative charge on the oxygen is stabilized to create an anion like environment.
Ka
pKa
phenols
resonance stabilization
The presence of other substituents on the ring effect the ____, ____ and _______. Electron withdrawing groups ____ acidity while electron donating groups _____ acidity.
acidity, boiling point, melting point
increase
decrease
The presence of more alkyl groups in non aromatic alcohols produce _____ acidic molecules as the alkyl groups _____ electron density and ____ the negative charge.
Conversely, they ____ positive charge explaining why more substituted carbocations have higher stability than less substituted carbocations.
less
increase
destabilize
stabilize
PCC
anhydrous oxidant
oxidizes Primary Alcohols into Aldehydes
oxidized Secondary Alcohols to Ketones
does this as it lacks the water needed to hydrate the aldehyde
With other oxidizing agents, aldehydes are hydrated to form ______ whcih can then be oxidized to ____
geminal diols
carboxylic acids
Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized because they are already as oxidized as they can be without ______
breaking a C-C bond
Sodium/Potassium Dichromate Salts
strong oxidizing agent
Primary Alcohol goes to Carboxylic Acid
Secondary Alcohol to Ketone
