Nomenclature Flashcards
How are elements classified
1.Metals- solids(except mercury) with high electrical and thermal conductivity
2.Non-metals-gases or solids(except bromine)-without metallic characteristics
3. Metaloids/semi-metals-have characteristics between metals and non-metals
How does metallic character behave in periodic table
Decresses across a period and increases down a group
What are hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
What are organic compounds
Hydrocarbons and their derivates
What are inorganic compounds
They contain all the rest of the elements, including some carbon based compounds(CO,CO2, carbides(C+metal/semi-metal), carbonates(XCO3(CO3^2-)) and cyanides(-CN(CN-))
What kind of formulas exist
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Molecular formula-nature and the actual number of different types of atom in a molecule. It uses chem symbols and numbers as subscript(ex. H2O)
2.Structural formula- example H-O-H(showing the rough geometry of the molecule)
3.Molecular models-different types
a)space-fillimg model-advantage:sizing and distance; disadvantage:doesn’t show bonds, can’t understand geometry of the molecule
b)ball-and-stick model-adv:geometry representation: diadv:not accurate sizing, distance is exaggerated
4.Empirical formula-putting simbols with subscipts that give the simplest possible formula expressing the composituon(ex.H2O2==>HO)
What is oxidation and reduction
-Oxidation-loss of e-. oxidizing reagent-removes e- from something else
-Reduction-gain of e-.reducing reagent-gives e- to something else.
What happens to oxidation state during oxidation/reduction
During oxidation-increases
During reduction- decreases
Some basic ox states
F= -1
O= -2(except in O2(^2-),O2(^-), OF2)
H= +1(except when with metals==> -1)
Cl= -1(except when with O and F->they are more electronegative)
Group 1=+1
Group 2=+2
How are oxidation states written
Signs+number
For charges= number+ sign
What is ion
Ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. Anion-negatively charged
Cation-positively charged
What is ionic compound
Chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces. It’s neutral overall.
What formulas do we use with ionic compounds
Unit formula since we don’t have a molecule
Ex.NaCl 1Na+ion per 1Cl-ion
What name do monoatomic cations have
Same as the element
Na+=sodium ion
Al3+=aluminium ion
How are names of monoatomic cations with many oxidation states given
The oxidation state is given in brackets in Roman numerals.
-older sistem uses -ous and -ic where ous is used for Fe2+(2+oxidation state) and -ic for Fe3+(3+ ox.state)
Fe 2+=ferrous ion OR iron(II) ion
Fe 3+= ferric OR iron(III) ion
What is the only relevant polyatomic cation
NH4+ =ammonium ion
Give me traditional and stock names for:
Cu 2+; Hg 2+
Cu 2+= cupric; copper(II)
Hg 2+= mercuric; mercury(II)
How is the name given to monoatomic anions
They have the same stem as the element name, but the ending is -ide
Give me names of :
Cl- ; S 2-, O 2-
Cloride
Sulfide
Oxide
How are names of polyatomic anions organized
They are mostly oxyanions, they have endings -ite(less number of oxygen) and -ate(bigger num of Ol
Name: NO3- ; NO2 - ; SO4 2-
Nitrate, nitrite, sulfate
Name them differently: Li2SO4, Cu(NO3)2 ; K2CO3
Li2SO4= dilithium tetraoxosulphate
Cu(NO3)2= copper ditrioxonitrate
K2CO3= dipotassium trioxocarbonate
What are molecular compounds
They consist of molecules. They are made from 2 non-metals or semi-metals
How are molecular compound named
More electropositive element name+ more electronegative +-ide
HCl = hydrogen cloride
H2S= hydrogen sulfide
Name: CO, CO2, NO2, Cl2O7,
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Diclorine heptaoxide
How are binary molecular compounds with hydrogen named
They use common name
Ex. B2H6=diborane
CH4=methane
NH3=ammonia
Name PH3
Phosphine
Name SiH4
Silane
How are hydracids named
Non-metal name+idric+acid
HCl= cloridric acid
H2S= sulfidric acid
Name HNO3 anr HNO2
HNO3= Nitric acid
HNO2=Nitrous acid
Name: HClO , HClO2, HClO3, HClO4
Hypoclorous acid
Chlorous acid
Cloric acid
Perchloric acid
Name ClO3 -
Chlorate ion
Name H3PO4 and its intermediate acid anions
H3PO4= phosforic acid
H2PO4 - = dihydrogenphosphate ion
HPO4 (2-)= monohydrogenphosphate ion
PO4 (3-)= phosphate ion
What are hydrates
Hydrated ionic compounds that have specific number of water molecules in their chemical formulas
Name CuSO4 • 5H2O
Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
What are anydrous compound
It forms when hydrates are heated
Ex: CuSO4= copper(II) sulphate(anydrous)
What are basic oxides
Oxides of metal. With water they form hydroxides(they are basic compounds)
What are acidic oxides
Oxides of non metals. They are knowns as anhydrides. In water they form acid
What is neutralization reaction
Reaction where hydroxides and acids react to form salts
Name ClO2 -
Chlorite ion
Name C2O4
Oxalate
How are O (2-) and O2 (2-) ions called
Oxide
Peroxide
What are binary, ternary and quaternary compounds
Binary= ionic and molecular compounds, hydrides,hydracid
Ternary= hydroxide, oxoacid,salt
Quaternary= salt of intermediate acid
