Nomeclature Flashcards
What are oxidation numbers?
The charge of the ion of an atom.
Diatomic gases?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and idodine.
How do you name a molecular covalent compound?
- MAKE SURE IT IS NON METAL + NON METAL
- Attach prefix of Greek prefixes
- Name of second element ends in ‘-ide’
Eg. As2O3 -> Diarsenic trioxide
How do you name a binary ionic compound?
- MAKE SURE IT’S
A METAL + NON METAL - With anion second, drop ending and replace with ‘-ide’
Eg. NaCl -> Sodium chloride
How to write formula for binary ionic compounds?
- Write symbols
- Write oxidation numbers
- Cross numbers
- Reduce to lowest terms
Eg. Magnesium oxide = Mg2O2 = MgO
How to write names & formula for multi-valent cations?
- ONLY APPLIES TO LATIN NAME OF CATION (Cuprum, Aurum, Ferrum, Plumbum, Stannum)
- Remove ending ‘um’ and replace with ‘ous’ (lower) or ‘ic’ (higher)
- Second anion ends with ‘-ide’
How to write names for polyatomic ions?
- CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT NON METALS
- Write name of first element
- Write name of polyatomic ion and end it in ‘-ate’
Eg. H3PO4 = Hydrogen phosphate
What is a word equation?
Reactants written first followed by products.
Eg. Hydrogen has reacts with chlorine gas to produce hydrogen chlorine gas.
What is a skeleton equation
It is an unbalanced equation that doesn’t follow Law of Conservation of Mass.
What’s the Law of Conservation of Mass?
States that matter cannot be created or destroyed; only can be changed from one form to another. Matter of atoms in reactants must equal number of atoms in products.
Why must equations be balanced?
Because according to the Law of Conservation of Mass, matter of atoms in reactants must equal number of atoms in the products.
What is synthesis?
2 or more elements or compounds combine to form new molecule or compound
General equation -> A + B = AB
What is decomposition?
Reverse to synthesis. Compound breaks down into elements or other compounds.
General equation -> AB = A + B
What is a catalyst?
A substance that controls the rate of a reaction without being used-up during reaction or affected overall product
Single displacement?
On element in a compound is replaced by another element. (Either metal replacing metal or non metal replacing non metal)
General equation -> A + BC = AC + B
Double displacement?
Exchange of cations between 2 ionic compounds
General equation ->
AB + CD = AD + CB
Evidence that double displacement occurred?
- Solid precipitate forms
- Gas produced, bubbles formed
- Water (H2O formed) (neutralization of acid/base reaction)
What is a rate?
How much time it takes for a product to form or for an amount of products to be used up.
ROR: Concentration
If there’s more of a substance, there’s greater change of molecules colliding and speeding up the rate of the reaction. If there’s less, there’ll be fewer collisions and reaction will occur at a slower speed.
ROR: Temperature
When temperature rises, molecules bounce around a lot more. When they bounce more, more likely to collide; more likely to combine. The lower the temperature, molecules will be slower and collide less -> lowers rate of reaction
ROR: Pressure
Increase pressure -> less space for molecules to move -> increases number of collisions
Decrease pressure -> molecules spread out and don’t collide as often -> decreases rate of reaction
ROR: Surface area
Increase area in which reactants come into contact with each other -> increasing number of atoms/molecules able to collide
Increases rate of reaction
Acids
- Tastes?
- Texture?
- Conducts?
- Red litmus paper?
- Blue litmus paper?
- Bromothymol blue?
- Phenolphthalein?
- Reacts with?
- Sodium carbonate?
- Ammonium chloride?
- Tastes sour
- No characteristic feel
- Conducts electricity
- Red litmus paper stays red
- Blue litmus paper -> red
- Bromothymol turns yellow/green
- Keeps phenolphthalein clear
- Reacts with active metals (burning splint test)
- Reacts with sodium carbonate (lime water test)
- Does not react with ammonium chloride
Bases
- Tastes?
- Texture?
- Conducts?
- Red litmus paper?
- Blue litmus paper?
- Bromothymol blue?
- Phenolphthalein?
- Reacts with?
- Sodium carbonate?
- Ammonium chloride?
- Tastes bitter
- Feels wet/slippery
- Conducts electricity
- Red litmus paper -> blue
- Blue litmus paper stays blue
- Bromothymol blue stays blue
- Phenolphthalein turns pink
- Does not react with metals
- Does not react with sodium carbonate
- Reacts with ammonium chloride to produce ammonia (waft for odour)
What is an indicator?
A substance that produces a change in colour as a concentration of H+ and OH- changes. (Used for clear colourless solutions)
What does ‘pH’ mean?
The power of hydrogen
- pH of acids
- pH of bases
- Neutral pH?
- Acids have a pH less than 7
- Bases have a pH greater than 7
- Neutral substances have a pH of 7
pH scale ranges from ___?
0-14
What is pH?
Determining the concentrated of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Strong acid
Dissociated completely into ions in water
Weak acid
Dissociates very slightly in a water solution
Strong base
Dissociates completely into ions in water
Weak base
Dissociates very slightly in a water solution
What is neutralization?
When hydroxide ions (base) and hydrogen ions (acids) mix to make water and a salt.
General word equation:
Acid plus a base produces water and salt.
What is an oxide?
Any element chemically combined with oxygen.
Reaction of metals and oxygen?
Metal oxides form bases when react with water
Since they form bases, they can be called basic oxides or basic anhydrides
Reaction of non metals and oxygen
When non metal oxides react with water, they form acids
Since they form acids, they can be called acidic oxides
What is bonding capacity?
Cation: bonding capacity is number of electrons lost to be stable
Anion: bonding capacity is number of electrons gained to fill outer energy level to 8
