No Type Identified

Question 1

Attribute substitution

Answer 1

Occurs when a judgment has to be made (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead a more easily calculated heuristic attribute is substituted. This substitution is thought of as taking place in the automatic intuitive judgment system, rather than the more self-aware reflective system.

Question 2

Curse of knowledge

Answer 2

When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people.

Question 3

Declinism

Answer 3

The predisposition to view the past favorably (rosy retrospection) and future negatively.

Question 4

Dunning–Kruger effect

Answer 4

The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.

Question 5

Empathy gap

Answer 5

The tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others.

Question 6

End-of-history illusion

Answer 6

The age-independent belief that one will change less in the future than one has in the past.

Question 7

Exaggerated expectation

Answer 7

The tendency to expect or predict more extreme outcomes than those outcomes that actually happen.[5]

Question 8

Form function attribution bias

Answer 8

In human–robot interaction, the tendency of people to make systematic errors when interacting with a robot. People may base their expectations and perceptions of a robot on its appearance (form) and attribute functions which do not necessarily mirror the true functions of the robot.

Question 9

Hard–easy effect

Answer 9

The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to accomplish hard tasks, and underestimate one’s ability to accomplish easy tasks.

Question 10

Hindsight bias

Answer 10

Sometimes called the “I-knew-it-all-along” effect, the tendency to see past events as being predictable[61] at the time those events happened.

Question 11

IKEA effect

Answer 11

The tendency for people to place a disproportionately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves, such as furniture from IKEA, regardless of the quality of the end product.

Question 12

Impact bias

Answer 12

The tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.

Question 13

Information bias

Answer 13

The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.

Question 14

Interoceptive bias

Answer 14

The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one’s judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.

Question 15

Money illusion

Answer 15

The tendency to concentrate on the nominal value (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power.

Question 16

Moral credential effect

Answer 16

Occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission to be less good in the future.

Question 17

Non-adaptive choice switching

Answer 17

After experiencing a bad outcome with a decision problem, the tendency to avoid the choice previously made when faced with the same decision problem again, even though the choice was optimal. Also known as “once bitten, twice shy” or “hot stove effect”.

Question 18

Omission bias

Answer 18

The tendency to judge harmful actions (commissions) as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful inactions (omissions).

Question 19

Optimism bias

Answer 19

The tendency to be over-optimistic, underestimating greatly the probability of undesirable outcomes and overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes (see also wishful thinking, valence effect, positive outcome bias).

Question 20

Ostrich effect

Answer 20

Ignoring an obvious (negative) situation.

Question 21

Outcome bias

Answer 21

The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.

Question 22

Pessimism bias

Answer 22

The tendency for some people, especially those suffering from depression, to overestimate the likelihood of negative things happening to them.

Question 23

Present bias

Answer 23

The tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments.

Question 24

Plant blindness

Answer 24

The tendency to ignore plants in their environment and a failure to recognize and appreciate the utility of plants to life on earth.

Question 25

Probability matching

Answer 25

Sub-optimal matching of the probability of choices with the probability of reward in a stochastic context.

Question 26

Pro-innovation bias

Answer 26

The tendency to have an excessive optimism towards an invention or innovation’s usefulness throughout society, while often failing to identify its limitations and weaknesses.

Question 27

Projection bias

Answer 27

The tendency to overestimate how much our future selves share one’s current preferences, thoughts and values, thus leading to sub-optimal choices.

Question 28

Proportionality bias

Answer 28

Our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes, may also explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories.

Question 29

Recency illusion

Answer 29

The illusion that a phenomenon one has noticed only recently is itself recent. Often used to refer to linguistic phenomena; the illusion that a word or language usage that one has noticed only recently is an innovation when it is, in fact, long-established (see also frequency illusion).

Question 30

Systematic bias

Answer 30

Judgement that arises when targets of differentiating judgement become subject to effects of regression that are not equivalent.

Question 31

Risk compensation / Peltzman effect

Answer 31

The tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases.

Question 32

Surrogation

Answer 32

Losing sight of the strategic construct that a measure is intended to represent, and subsequently acting as though the measure is the construct of interest.

Question 33

Parkinson’s law of triviality

Answer 33

The tendency to give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Also known as bikeshedding, this bias explains why an organization may avoid specialized or complex subjects, such as the design of a nuclear reactor, and instead focus on something easy to grasp or rewarding to the average participant, such as the design of an adjacent bike shed.

Question 34

Unconscious bias

Answer 34

Also known as implicit biases, are the underlying attitudes and stereotypes that people unconsciously attribute to another person or group of people that affect how they understand and engage with them. Many researchers suggest that unconscious bias occurs automatically as the brain makes quick judgments based on past experiences and background.

Question 35

Unit bias

Answer 35

The standard suggested amount of consumption (e.g., food serving size) is perceived to be appropriate, and a person would consume it all even if it is too much for this particular person.

Question 36

Weber–Fechner law

Answer 36

Difficulty in comparing small differences in large quantities.

Question 37

Women are wonderful effect

Answer 37

A tendency to associate more positive attributes with women than with men.