No Type Identified Flashcards
Attribute substitution
Occurs when a judgment has to be made (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead a more easily calculated heuristic attribute is substituted. This substitution is thought of as taking place in the automatic intuitive judgment system, rather than the more self-aware reflective system.
Curse of knowledge
When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people.
Declinism
The predisposition to view the past favorably (rosy retrospection) and future negatively.
Dunning–Kruger effect
The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.
Empathy gap
The tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others.
End-of-history illusion
The age-independent belief that one will change less in the future than one has in the past.
Exaggerated expectation
The tendency to expect or predict more extreme outcomes than those outcomes that actually happen.[5]
Form function attribution bias
In human–robot interaction, the tendency of people to make systematic errors when interacting with a robot. People may base their expectations and perceptions of a robot on its appearance (form) and attribute functions which do not necessarily mirror the true functions of the robot.
Hard–easy effect
The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to accomplish hard tasks, and underestimate one’s ability to accomplish easy tasks.
Hindsight bias
Sometimes called the “I-knew-it-all-along” effect, the tendency to see past events as being predictable[61] at the time those events happened.
IKEA effect
The tendency for people to place a disproportionately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves, such as furniture from IKEA, regardless of the quality of the end product.
Impact bias
The tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.
Information bias
The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.
Interoceptive bias
The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one’s judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.
Money illusion
The tendency to concentrate on the nominal value (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power.
Moral credential effect
Occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission to be less good in the future.
Non-adaptive choice switching
After experiencing a bad outcome with a decision problem, the tendency to avoid the choice previously made when faced with the same decision problem again, even though the choice was optimal. Also known as “once bitten, twice shy” or “hot stove effect”.
Omission bias
The tendency to judge harmful actions (commissions) as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful inactions (omissions).
Optimism bias
The tendency to be over-optimistic, underestimating greatly the probability of undesirable outcomes and overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes (see also wishful thinking, valence effect, positive outcome bias).
Ostrich effect
Ignoring an obvious (negative) situation.
Outcome bias
The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
Pessimism bias
The tendency for some people, especially those suffering from depression, to overestimate the likelihood of negative things happening to them.
Present bias
The tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments.
Plant blindness
The tendency to ignore plants in their environment and a failure to recognize and appreciate the utility of plants to life on earth.
Probability matching
Sub-optimal matching of the probability of choices with the probability of reward in a stochastic context.
Pro-innovation bias
The tendency to have an excessive optimism towards an invention or innovation’s usefulness throughout society, while often failing to identify its limitations and weaknesses.
Projection bias
The tendency to overestimate how much our future selves share one’s current preferences, thoughts and values, thus leading to sub-optimal choices.
Proportionality bias
Our innate tendency to assume that big events have big causes, may also explain our tendency to accept conspiracy theories.
Recency illusion
The illusion that a phenomenon one has noticed only recently is itself recent. Often used to refer to linguistic phenomena; the illusion that a word or language usage that one has noticed only recently is an innovation when it is, in fact, long-established (see also frequency illusion).
Systematic bias
Judgement that arises when targets of differentiating judgement become subject to effects of regression that are not equivalent.
Risk compensation / Peltzman effect
The tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases.
Surrogation
Losing sight of the strategic construct that a measure is intended to represent, and subsequently acting as though the measure is the construct of interest.
Parkinson’s law of triviality
The tendency to give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Also known as bikeshedding, this bias explains why an organization may avoid specialized or complex subjects, such as the design of a nuclear reactor, and instead focus on something easy to grasp or rewarding to the average participant, such as the design of an adjacent bike shed.
Unconscious bias
Also known as implicit biases, are the underlying attitudes and stereotypes that people unconsciously attribute to another person or group of people that affect how they understand and engage with them. Many researchers suggest that unconscious bias occurs automatically as the brain makes quick judgments based on past experiences and background.
Unit bias
The standard suggested amount of consumption (e.g., food serving size) is perceived to be appropriate, and a person would consume it all even if it is too much for this particular person.
Weber–Fechner law
Difficulty in comparing small differences in large quantities.
Women are wonderful effect
A tendency to associate more positive attributes with women than with men.
