No Type Identified Flashcards
Attribute substitution
Occurs when a judgment has to be made (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead a more easily calculated heuristic attribute is substituted. This substitution is thought of as taking place in the automatic intuitive judgment system, rather than the more self-aware reflective system.
Curse of knowledge
When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people.
Declinism
The predisposition to view the past favorably (rosy retrospection) and future negatively.
Dunning–Kruger effect
The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.
Empathy gap
The tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others.
End-of-history illusion
The age-independent belief that one will change less in the future than one has in the past.
Exaggerated expectation
The tendency to expect or predict more extreme outcomes than those outcomes that actually happen.[5]
Form function attribution bias
In human–robot interaction, the tendency of people to make systematic errors when interacting with a robot. People may base their expectations and perceptions of a robot on its appearance (form) and attribute functions which do not necessarily mirror the true functions of the robot.
Hard–easy effect
The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to accomplish hard tasks, and underestimate one’s ability to accomplish easy tasks.
Hindsight bias
Sometimes called the “I-knew-it-all-along” effect, the tendency to see past events as being predictable[61] at the time those events happened.
IKEA effect
The tendency for people to place a disproportionately high value on objects that they partially assembled themselves, such as furniture from IKEA, regardless of the quality of the end product.
Impact bias
The tendency to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.
Information bias
The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.
Interoceptive bias
The tendency for sensory input about the body itself to affect one’s judgement about external, unrelated circumstances. (As for example, in parole judges who are more lenient when fed and rested.
Money illusion
The tendency to concentrate on the nominal value (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power.
Moral credential effect
Occurs when someone who does something good gives themselves permission to be less good in the future.
Non-adaptive choice switching
After experiencing a bad outcome with a decision problem, the tendency to avoid the choice previously made when faced with the same decision problem again, even though the choice was optimal. Also known as “once bitten, twice shy” or “hot stove effect”.
Omission bias
The tendency to judge harmful actions (commissions) as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful inactions (omissions).
Optimism bias
The tendency to be over-optimistic, underestimating greatly the probability of undesirable outcomes and overestimating favorable and pleasing outcomes (see also wishful thinking, valence effect, positive outcome bias).
Ostrich effect
Ignoring an obvious (negative) situation.
Outcome bias
The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
Pessimism bias
The tendency for some people, especially those suffering from depression, to overestimate the likelihood of negative things happening to them.
Present bias
The tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments.
Plant blindness
The tendency to ignore plants in their environment and a failure to recognize and appreciate the utility of plants to life on earth.