NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILIPPINES, AND THE FRIAR-PROBLEMA Flashcards
- Philippine law that requires all schools in the philippines both public and private to offer course on the life, works, and writing of the philippine national hero Dr. Jose Rizal
RIZAL LAW / RA 1425
When did the Spanish Rule in the Philippines begin?
Conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565
Where in the Philippines did the conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 start?
Cebu
Before the Spanish came, Filipinos had what?
- their own culture
- their own government
- leaders
Pre-colonial Philippine government
barangay
Pre-colonial leaders on the Philippines
datu
The Philippines became a Spanish colony and was ruled by?
The King of Spain
Period of time when the rule of the Philippines was administered by the Viceroy of Mexico
1565-1821
After Mexico gained independence in 1821, the Philippines was directly ruled from?
Spain
The Spanish introduced what kind of political system to control the Philippines?
Centralized political system to control the Philippines.
- The highest official
- appointed by the Spanish King
- had control over executive, legislative,
and judicial matters - oversaw religious affairs
- The highest authority in the colony,
with extensive powers.
Governor General
Advisory bodies that assisted the Governor General
- Lieutenant General
- Board of Authorities
The Philippines was divided into provinces, each led by a?
Civil Governor
Cities and towns were governed by a?
Cabildo (city council) with Mayors and Vice Mayors
Smallest government unit at the local level
Barangay
- Head of the barangay
-elected by influential members of the
community known as the principalia
Gobernadorcillo (later called capitan)
Second-in-command to the Governor General.
Lieutenant General
Advisory body to the Governor General.
Board of Authorities
Another advisory body to the Governor General.
Council of Administration
Responsible for administrative tasks
Secretariat of the Central Government
Head of the barangay, responsible for collecting taxes and tributes.
Cabeza de Barangay
After the conquest, Filipinos were forced to?
- follow foreign customs and adopt
Spanish Catholicism, which they did
not fully understand - They also lost their ancestral lands
through the encomienda system - and many changes in government and
laws were imposed.
Economic Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal
- Economic Dependence on Spain
- Rise of a Merchant Class
- Economic Inequality and Exploitation
- Rizal’s Views on Economic Inequality
- The Philippines was primarily an
agricultural economy, with sugar,
tobacco, rice, and hemp as the primary
exports to Spain and other European
markets. - Spanish colonial policies favored the
economic interests of Spain, resulting
in a lack of industrial development and
an over-dependence on agriculture. - The monopoly system that Spain
implemented over certain industries
like tobacco limited the growth of local
entrepreneurship.
Economic Dependence on Spain
What were the primary exports from the Philippines to Spain?
Sugar, tobacco, rice, hemp
By the late 19th century, there was the
emergence of a middle class composed of local Filipino merchants and landowners, many of whom were part of the Illustrados (educated Filipinos).
Rise of a Merchant Class
What emerging class was Rizal’s family a part of?
Merchant Class
- The vast majority of Filipinos lived in
poverty, and the exploitation of local
labor, especially in the agricultural
sector, was widespread. - The encomienda system (a grant of
land and labor to Spanish colonizers)
was replaced by landlordism, where
rich Filipino and Spanish landlords
owned large tracts of land, often
working Filipino peasants to the bone.
Economic Inequality and Exploitation
A grant of land and labor to Spanish colonizers
Encomienda System
Rich Filipino and Spanish landlords owned large tracts of land, often working Filipino peasants to the bone
Landlordism
What were Rizal’s views on Economic Inequality?
- Rizal criticized the economic system
that oppressed the Filipino peasantry - He believed that the Spanish
government and the Catholic Church
were largely responsible for the
economic hardships faced by the
Filipino people. - Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo portray the poverty and
social injustice suffered by the Filipinos,
particularly the farmers and workers.
Social Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal
- Spanish Dominance and the Caste
System - Inequality in Education
- Role of the Catholic Church
- Rizal’s Advocacy for Social Reform
What were the social classes that the Filipino society was divided into?
- Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)
- Insulares (Spaniards born in the
Philippines) - Mestizos (Children of Filipino and
Spanish) - Indios (native Filipinos)
Education was limited to?
The elites, mainly Spaniards and mestizos
-Controlled the educational system
-Their curricula were used to enforce
Catholic doctrine and loyalty to Spain
Jesuit and Franciscan missions
played a significant role in the social structure of the Philippines, not only in religious affairs but also in political and economic matters.
The Catholic Church
How did Rizal critique the Church?
- criticized the powerful position of the
church in the social and political life of
the Philippines.
-He pointed out how the clergy,
especially friars, abused their power
and exploited the Filipino people.
Rizal used his writings to advocate for?
- Social change
_ Emphasized the need for education,
equality, and reforms - Emphasized the importance of
- Philippine nationalism
- The need for a Filipino identit
Political Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal
- Spanish Colonial Rule
- The Propaganda Movement
- The Growing Nationalist Movement
- Rizal’s Execution and its Political Impact
The Philippines was a colony of Spain for over 300 years, and during the 19th century, the Spanish government imposed heavy taxes, limited political participation, and denied Filipinos self-governance.
Spanish Colonial Rule
Rizal’s Struggle Against Political Oppression?
Highlighted the deep rooted
- political corruption
- abuse of power by the Spanish colonial government, clergy
- Denial of rights to Filipinos
called for reforms such as representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament), better educational systems, and the abolition of corrupt practices.
The Propaganda Movement
Filipino intellectuals and reformists that led the Propaganda Movement
- Rizal,
- Graciano López Jaena
- Mariano Ponce
was a key work that spoke out against the abuses by Spanish officials and the Catholic Church, calling for justice and equality
Noli me Tangere
led to the development of nationalist
sentiments.
The rise of the Illustrados (educated Filipinos), who had studied in Europe
When was Rizal executed?
December 30, 1896
inspired a widespread nationalist movement that eventually led to the Philippine Revolution and the country’s independence.
Rizal’s death
- Spanish colonial rule led to the
widespread adoption of Catholicism,
which had a profound effect on Filipino
culture, traditions, and customs. The
Church played a dominant role in the
everyday life of Filipinos, influencing
religious practices, festivals, and even
the arts. - Rizal, in his works, often criticized how
the church suppressed Filipino cultural
practices and traditions, imposing
Spanish cultural norms and values
upon them.
The Influence of the Spanish Catholic Church:
What was the cause for the decline of native Filipino cultural practices. Traditional Filipino languages, arts, and rituals were suppressed in favor of Spanish customs
Spanish colonization
Rizal encouraged the Filipinos to embrace their native culture and history. Through his works, he
highlighted the importance of preserving Filipino heritage and national pride.
Rizal’s Role in Reviving Filipino Culture
- became increasingly influential during
the 19th century. - They began to push for reforms and
cultural revival.
-Many of them, including Rizal, were
heavily influenced by the
Enlightenment ideas from Europe,
which emphasized reason, individual
rights, and freedom.
Ilustrados, the educated class of Filipinos
Rizal’s works were cultural responses to the?
Colonial domination of the Spanish
