Nile Flashcards
What where the problems for the Ottoman Empire (who controlled Egypt) ? and why did Britain fear a decline?
.Bureaucratic empire
.Local lords which wanted more autonomy
.Britain thought other countries; Russia,Austria and France would gain more territory from the Ottoman Empire falling.
What was the situation for Egypt in 1875 - 1876?
.Khedives Bankruptcy as dept left from 3 million to 100 million, despite building the Suez Canal
.Financial investment from Britain and France
What was the Dual control?
.Britain and France established Dual control after Britain bought Suez Canal shares.
.Took control of all finance, cut army pay, reduced interest, introduced sales tax on goods and food.
.Persuaded to replace the Khadive with Tewfik Pasha who was more willing to compromise.
Who was Arabi Pasha?
.Egypt ion Nationalist leader, created party in 1879.
.Drummed up support due to dissatisfaction with anglo - French interference, Army pay, and other financial measures.
.1879 led coup due to army cuts, forced the Khedive to point a nationalist ministry, including himself, and reversed the policies.
Why did the British intervene in Egypt in 1882?
.Strategic - Suez Canal needed for India trade route
.Trade - large exporting market, and imported cotton
.Financial - Lots of Egypt bond holders in London
.People - Row in Egypt led to 50 Europeans being killed
Why did the French withdraw from Egypt?
.Germany and other nations opposed the dual control, due to French weakness (loss to Germany 1870).
.French internal politics, new leader was not interventionist
What was the Gambetta Note?
.Note to the nationalists, claiming if the powers of the Khedive come under threat then the powers will intervene militarily.
.resulted in nationalists forcing a cabinet on him and threatening to depose the Khedive.
.Britain and France responded by sending warships.
Why did Britain Continue Control of Egypt in 1882 until 1914?
.Defeat in November of Egyptian army by radical Jihadist forces under leadership of the Mahdi in Sudan
.Sir Evelyn Baring’s agenda for Egypt.
.Defeat of Gladstone over the Home Rule, gave Lord Salisbury and Tories power.
.1889 demands of French and Russia in Constantinople convention
.Emergence of radical Islam in Sudan
What was the Veiled protectorate?
.1882 - 1914 when London controlled Egypt under the pretence they were there at the request of the Khedive even though the Khedive had no power.
What was Baring’s mission in Egypt?
.Baring - Consul General in Egypt from 1883 - 1907
.Set about infrastructure/ financial projects to Improve Egypt, however went against idea of a temporary stay.
.
What was the 1887 - 1889 Constantinople convention?
.1887 - 1889 Britain worked to secure an agreement where it could withdraw, however still have rights to reenter the country.
.This was blown out by France and Russia who threatened to invade Syria and Armenia to make the Sultan comply.
.Resulted in Salisbury continuing the occupation.
What where the strengths of Sir Evelyn Baring?
.Restored the country to solvency in 1887.
.Used 8M loan to stabilise debt
.Used 1M loan to improve irrigation and improve agriculture.
What where the weaknesses of Sir Evelyn Baring?
.Didn’t spend money on education
.Unfair tax, cost more for peasants then landowners.
.Ignored the rising nationalism
What was the situation for Sudan in the late 19th century?
.Egyptian control over Sudan
.Unrest towards Egyptian control as Gordon (governor) tried to end the Sudan slave trade.
.Sudan slave traders where powerful members of society.
Why Where the British drawn into Sudan?
.Rise of militant Islam under leadership of Muhammed Ahmad, who capitalised on Egyptian resentment. Claimed to be a Mahdi.
.1883 Sir William Hicks, Egyptian army wiped out by Mahdi
