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AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS > Nigeria > Flashcards

Nigeria Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Nigeria’s population size

A

It is the most populous state in Africa and one of the largest countries in the world

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2
Q

The National Question

A

The dilemma of how Nigeria should be governed, or even if it should remain one state.

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3
Q

How many Nigerian constitutions have there been?

A

8 since 1914; most recent in 1999

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4
Q

Constitutionalism

A

The acceptance of a constitution as a guiding set of principles

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5
Q

Describe Nigeria’s relationship w constitutionalism

A

Elusive; constitutions come and go and are often disobeyed

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6
Q

What is the one source of stability and organization in Nigeria?

A

The military

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7
Q

Which were the only two presidents in recent years not to have been affiliated w the military?

A

Jonathan and Yar’ Adua

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8
Q

Does the Nigerian govt have legitimacy (as of present day)?

A

No; many citizens have little to no trust in their leaders

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9
Q

Which two Generals are associated w corruption and ignorance to the Rule of Law?

A

Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993) and Sani Abacha (1993-1998)

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10
Q

Hisbah

A

A police force charged w enforcing Islamic morality

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11
Q

What is an important source of legitimacy in North Nigeria?

A

Sharia law

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12
Q

Describe pre-colonial trade

A

The Niger River and ocean as well as connections across the Sahara allowed contact/trade

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13
Q

Describe pre-colonial Islam in Nigeria

A

Islam was acquired via trade to the North; sharia governed politics

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14
Q

Describe pre-colonial political organization

A

Kinship-based, especially in the south (north had tendency toward larger states); did not often go beyond level of village

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15
Q

Describe political traditions of pre-colonial Nigeria

A

Complex and far from clear-cut; some centralized kingdoms; some trading states

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16
Q

Describe the pre-colonial relationship w democracy in Nigeria

A

Principle of accountability was accepted; rulers were meant to represent and seek advice from the people they ruled

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17
Q

How is African/Nigerian colonialism different from that of the rest of the world?

A

Scramble for Africa came much later (as did independence in Africa; contrast Mexican independence in 1821 w Nigerian in 1960)

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18
Q

What type of rule did the British bring into Nigeria?

A

Authoritarian, indirect rule; appt local chiefs whose responsibility was only to the British

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19
Q

What kind of economy did Britain bring to Nigeria?

A

Interventionist; chiefs trained to reach economic goals and citizens expected to passively accept rulers’ actions

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20
Q

What religious and social ideas did the British bring to Nigeria?

A

Individualism-> chiefs thought about themselves; Christianity->created a split btwn Christian south and Muslim north

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21
Q

How did the British intensify cleavages?

A

Pitted three groups–Hausa-Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba–by giving reward to some (education, bureaucratic jobs) and not to others. Gave more power to elites.

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22
Q

What forms of government has Independent Nigeria experimented with?

A

They replaced a parliamentary style with a presidential system after realizing that ethnic divisions made identifying a majority party/allowing a PM to have authority difficult.

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23
Q

Does modern Nigeria have 3 branches?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Does modern Nigeria have checks-and-balances?

A

Theoretically, tho Pres has gone inconsistently checked

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25
Q

How has democracy intensified ethnic conflict?

A

Large northern Hausa-Fulani dominated parliamentary govt and formed coalition w southeast Igbo to ensure majority; rivalries grew among Yoruba.

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26
Q

Biafra

A

Seccessionist state in southeastern Nigeria

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27
Q

How has Nigeria remained together, largely, post-independence?

A

Military rule

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28
Q

What vice has characterized rule in Nigeria?

A

corruption

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29
Q

What organizational system does Nigeria rely on to govern?

A

Federalist, though military leaders have no allowed any sovereignty of sub-governments

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30
Q

What is the capital city of Nigeria?

A

Abuja

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31
Q

On what resource has Nigeria developed a dependency?

A

Oil controls the entire economy

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32
Q

Patron-clientelism (prebendalism)

A

The practice of exchanging political and economic favors among patrons and clients–corrupt; characterizes Nigerian political culture

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33
Q

How has the govt interacted w the civil society?

A

Since colonial rule, govt has tried to control all aspects of life, but has not been totally successful; ethnic/religious associations, prof/labor groups, NGOS, etc have shaped society

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34
Q

Describe Nigerian tensions btw tradition and modernity

A

Colonialist history holds it back while pushing it forward; values established pre-colonialism and in the colonial era conflict

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35
Q

Describe religious conflict in Nigeria

A

Northern muslims and southern Christians argue about the role of sharia law in the govt

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36
Q

How has geography influenced Nigeria?

A

Oil = main export. Land v ocean trade (precolonial). Divided ethnic groups–six zones

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37
Q

Fulani

A

Muslim group that came to northern Nigeria thru jihad–holy war (1808)

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38
Q

Sokoto Caliphate

A

Muslim state established by Fulani; encompasses most of North

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39
Q

Describe precolonial southern Nigeria’s relationship with Europe

A

Atlantic slave trade brought Africans to new world; Christianity spread.

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40
Q

How did the British interact w the northern area of Nigeria?

A

Left the area’s govt intact; already organized into political hierarchies according to Islamic tradition

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41
Q

Describe colonialist Nigeria’s relationship w education.

A

Europeans influenced western education; missionaries; elites became more removed from the people. Few northerners had access to education–>deepened cleavage

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42
Q

Olusegun Obasanjo

A

Military dictator who willingly stood down for the democractically-elected Shegari (who was later forced out of office by Buhari)

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43
Q

What is a trend of government type in modern Nigeria?

A

Military will take over govt when Nigeria is unstable, and promise to give it over to a democracy when it is more stable.

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44
Q

What makes democratization so difficult for Nigeria?

A
  • Income gap, uneven distribution of wealth
  • Decimated by HIV/AIDS–>failing economy
  • Lower literacy rate than world average
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45
Q

Nigeria has had to contend with ethnic-based civil wars like what other country?

A

Russia : Chechnya as Nigeria : Biafra

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46
Q

How is Nigeria ethnically cleavaged?

A

Up to 400 dif ethnic groups w their own langs; three largest live separately, have no contact, their own languages, and have very little in common.

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47
Q

How is Nigeria religiously cleavaged?

A

1/2 Muslim > 2/5 Christian > 1/10 Native religion. Religious arguments btw Christian and Muslim rooted in preferential treatment given by British to south as well as the role of sharia in lawmaking.

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48
Q

How does Nigeria’s religious cleavages compare w that of other countries?

A

Soviet Union and China, ethnic tensions managed by unifying ideology, but in Nigeria, ideology furthers ethnic cleavages.

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49
Q

How is Nigeria regionally cleavaged?

A

Three Federated Regions and North v South

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50
Q

How is Nigeria cleavaged wrt urban v rural?

A

Political organizations/interest groups/newspapers/electronic media exist mostly within cities.

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51
Q

How is Nigeria cleavaged among class lines?

A

very uneven distribution of wealth; colonial byproduct (British gave power and $$ to elites)

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52
Q

Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP)

A

Founded by Ken Saro-Wiwa in 1990s; worked to apply national laws for the Ognoi in the Niger Delta and hold foreign-operated oil companies to environmental standards.

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53
Q

National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers (NUPENG)

A

Trade union and influential voice for workers in petroleum industry

54
Q

How have formal interest groups and informal voluntary associations influenced postcolonial Nigeria?

A

Very influential; can encourage both unity and fragmentation

55
Q

Why has voting behavior been difficult to track in Nigeria?

A

Many elections have been cancelled or postponed by the military and others have been fraudulent

56
Q

Describe political parties in Nigeria

A

Numerous and fluid with most formed around charisma of candidates

57
Q

Describe the Nigerian attitude toward the govt

A

Cynical and distrustful

58
Q

How do most Nigerians feel about the economy and the govts handling of it?

A

“Very bad or fairly bad”

59
Q

Transparency International

A

A private organization that complies statistics about corruption in countries around the world

60
Q

Where does Nigeria usually rank in the Transparency International Corruptions Index

A

Very (very) low

61
Q

Nuhu Ribadu

A

Was the head of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), a govt organization designed to fight corruption

62
Q

What has been a major target of grievances?

A

International oil companies

63
Q

How did Goodluck Jonathan’s election in 2011 lead to protest?

A

His presidency broke the chain in which a northerner and a southern alternated w/in the presidency. Boko Haram tried to undermine his authority.

64
Q

How has the govt responded to Boko Haram?

A

Launched a campaign against them by Pres Jonathan –> many people died, blackout occured

65
Q

What is the structure of the Nigerian govt, formally?

A

Democratic, federalist

66
Q

What are political parties based on in Nigeria?

A

Regions and ethnicities

67
Q

What kind of party system does Nigeria have?

A

Multi-party

68
Q

The People’s Democratic Party (PDP)

A

One of the better-established parties; party of Obasanjo

69
Q

All Progressive Congress

A

Alliance of four opposition parties–Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All-Nigeria People’s Party, the Progressives Grand Alliance

70
Q

Independent National Election Commision (INEC)

A

Register citizens with parties

71
Q

What must parties do to qualify to run candidates for pres and leg elections?

A

Earn at least 5% of the votes in 2/3 of the states in local elections–> limited running parties to three

72
Q

On what three levels do citizens vote in Nigeria?

A

Local, state, national.

73
Q

Who do citizens vote for on the national level?

A

President, representatives to the House of Representatives, and senators from their states.

74
Q

What happens if a president does not receive an outright majority in an election?

A

A second ballot election may take place

75
Q

How must a presidential candidate qualify regionally?

A

They must receive at least 1/4 of all votes cast in 2/3 of the states.

76
Q

How many sit in the Senate?

A

109 senators, three from each of 36 states, and one from Abuja (fed capital territory)

77
Q

How are senators elected?

A

Directly, by popular vote

78
Q

How many sit in the House of Representatives?

A

360

79
Q

How are representatives elected?

A

From single-member districts by plurality vote

80
Q

Who did Nigeria elect president in 2011?

A

Goodluck Jonathan

81
Q

Why did Jonathan postpone the 2015 election, according to some critics?

A

To buy time to sway support from Buhari (by working against Boko Haram, mostly)

82
Q

Who was elected in 2015?

A

Buhari

83
Q

How did the Babangida regime limit the influence of labor unions?

A

Corporatism

84
Q

Nigeria Labor Congress

A

Labor union that successfully orchestrated a general strike of workers in cities across Nigeria to protest hike in fuel prices/taxes.

85
Q

How have business interests functioned in Nigeria?

A

Tended to work in collaboration with the military and shared spoils of corruption with the elite classes.

86
Q

What is the most significant Nigerian human rights movement?

A

That against the abuses of Babangida and Abacha.

87
Q

Describe Nigeria’s newspapers

A

Tradition of a well-developed, independent press.

88
Q

How do newspapers conflict?

A

They reflect ethnic divisions

89
Q

What is the main source of information for most Nigerians?

A

Radio

90
Q

Does Nigeria have a three branch system?

A

Theoretically, but the executive has dominated policymaking in reality.

91
Q

How many state governments are there in Nigeria?

A

36

92
Q

How do state governments function in Nigeria?

A

They, along w local govts, are almost entirely dependent on the central govt; federalism basically nullified

93
Q

Why did Nigeria abandon the parliamentary system?

A

The legislature was so fragmented ethnically that to elect a prime minister with enough authority to rule was untenable

94
Q

How many military leaders has Nigeria had?

A

7

95
Q

What do most military leaders promise to do for the country?

A

They promise a ‘transition to democracy’

96
Q

Patrimonialism

A

How generals rule; the pres = the head of a patron-client system and dispenses govt jobs and resources as rewards to supports

97
Q

What happened to civil service post-independence?

A

Same system continued over, but has grown tremendously in past decades; based on patron-client system.

98
Q

Parasatals

A

Corporations owned by the state/designated to provide commercial and social welfare services

99
Q

What do parasatals do?

A

commonly provide public utilities such as water, electricity and public transit OR control major industries, etc

100
Q

How does Nigeria have corporatism?

A

Parasatals provide state corporatism

101
Q

Are parasatals efficient?

A

No–they are highly corrupt and inefficient

102
Q

What is Nigeria’s legislature known as?

A

The National Assembly

103
Q

What kind of legislature does Nigeria have?

A

Bicameral

104
Q

What are the term limits for representatives and senators?

A

four-year renewable terms

105
Q

How are senators elected?

A

Popular vote

106
Q

How are representatives elected?

A

Plurality vote

107
Q

How many representatives are elected?

A

360 members from single-member districts

108
Q

How much power has the legislature had in Nigeria?

A

Very little, especially under military government

109
Q

Describe devolution of Nigerian court system post independence

A

Had a great deal of autonomy in early years, but military rule has ravaged the court systems

110
Q

Does judicial review exist in Nigeria?

A

Theoretically, yes

111
Q

What is the structure of Nigeria’s court system?

A

Court structures exist at both federal and state levels, with the highest court in the land being the Supreme Court

112
Q

Mshood Abiolao

A

The winner of the 1993 election annulled by Babangida

113
Q

What are the two most important supreme court cases?

A

Those of Mshood Abiolao’s election and Ken Saro-Wiwa’s hanging; it is believed that justice was not served in both cases

114
Q

How has the military been subject to discord?

A

Military in govt vs military in barracks cleavage

115
Q

What is the one institution in Nigeria that is “truly national in character”?

A

The military

116
Q

Loyalty pyramid

A

Created by senior govt officials supporting a broader base of loyal junior officers

117
Q

Where have most oil revenues gone?

A

Into the pockets of govt officials; most Nigerians have not profited at all

118
Q

How is Nigeria a rentier state?

A

Receive income by exporting oil and leasing out oil fields to foreign companies

119
Q

Informal economy

A

Unreported incomes from small-scale trade and subsistence agriculture; most Nigerians participate in ~

120
Q

How does Nigeria have international leverage?

A

OPEC membership

121
Q

When does Nigeria’s economy suffer?

A

When oil prices go down

122
Q

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

A

Wants oil money going to the people of the Delta states; has resorted to violence in the past

123
Q

How has Nigeria interacted with disease recently?

A

Boko Haram’s birth has led to an increase in polio reports

124
Q

Is Nigeria’s economy increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing

125
Q

Economic structural adjustment

A

Begun with the support of the IMF; sought to restructure and diversify Nigerian economy (away from oil)

126
Q

Why hasn’t Nigeria’s economy suffered as much as others since 2008?

A

Banking system improved under Obasanjo; paid off sizable debts

127
Q

How has Nigeria provided electric power?

A

It hasn’t, really! Pres Jonathan tried to put grid transmission in govt hands, but privately manage, but investment has been discouraged

128
Q

Federal character

A

The goal in Nigeria; Constitution has put provisions in place to support it (however, this has only further divided it)

129
Q

“true federalism” movement

A

Involves devolution of power to local govts; generally not supported by Northerners as there haven’t been enough resources to go around

130
Q

How has democracy begun to grow in the three branches?

A

Some checks and balances between government branches; some independent decisions in the courts

131
Q

How has the media aided in the promotion of democracy/

A

It acts as an independent watchdog

132
Q

How has democracy functioned in the executive branch

A

presidents peacefully seceed power to one another

AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS (4 decks)

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