Nigeria Flashcards
Economic liberalization
Expanding private ownership of propert
Compressed modernity
Rapid economic and political change that transformed the country into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions.
Economic sectors
- The primary sector-agriculture,arrest in low income, pre industrial nations
- The secondary sector-transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
- The tertiary sector- services rather than goods
Neocolonialism
Unequal relationship in a world in which new indirect forms of imperialism are at play.
2 theories
Westernization and dependency theory
2 types of economic policies that have been applied to less dev world to jump start economy
- Import substitution: gov is poorer countries must create more positive conditions for the dev of local industries. Gov must restrict imports by setting quotas or imposing heavy import taxes.
- Export oriented industrialization: “Asian tigers”, economies boom started; directly integrate the country’s economic production that can find a place in international markets.
Democratization
Process of developing a political system in which power is exceed iced either directly or indirectly by the people
Political liberalization
- procedural to substantive
- experiences this
- leads other states to recognize as liberal
Hybrid regimes
- developing nations
- have some characteristics but still authoritarian
Newly industrialized
- economic growth and democ
- process known as compressed modernity
- Mexico
Less developed countries
- political and economic change but have not developed distinct characteristics of advanced democracies
- Nigeria
Quote about Nigeria
Reflects both the importance of Nigerian political and economic issues as well as the vulnerability
Nigeria
Most populous state with 140 mill citizens
Political traditions
Strong democracy movements, couples with susceptibility to totalitarian military rule.
PPP
2800 per year. 70% live in poverty
National question
:how the country should be governed
-independent nation, but neither its leaders nor its citizens agree on the basics of who should rule and how
Constitutionism
:the acceptance of a constitution as a guiding set of principles
Fragmentation
:tendency to fall apart along ethnic, region, and religious lines
Military
One of the few truly national organizations
Goodluck jonathan
President in 2010, which was rare because he wasn’t from the military.
Ibrahim babangida and sani abacha
Leaders that alienated citizens
Sharia
Importance source of legitimacy
Influences from pre colonial era
- Trade connections (Niger river)
- Early influence of Islam (Arabic from trade)
- Kinship based politics (villages)
- Complex political identifies
- Democratic impulses (accountability) is
British influences that worked against democracy (colonial)
- Authoritarian rule (b rules indirectly, loosened leaders responsibility)
- The interventionist state (no checks, put into place that citizens should passively accept actions)
- Individualism (capitalism and western poltical thought caused Chiefs to think about themselves instead of the community)
- Christianity (split between Muslims)
- Intensification of ethnic politics (huasa-Fulani, igbo, and Yoruba, British pitted against and anti colonial)
Traditions (independence)
- Parliamentary style gov replaced by a presidential system
- Intensification of ethnic conflicts (huasa-Fulani, Igbo, and yoruba)
- Military rule (Biafra: fight for independence)
- Personalized rule/corruption (personal gain)
- Federalism
- Economic dependence on oil
Characteristics of political culture
- Patron clientelism (prebendalism): characterized by patron clientism, linked by ethnicity and religion
- State control/rich civil society: state has tried to control
- Tension between modernity and tradition: past encouraged modernity, but also restricts it
- Religious conflict: Islam vs Christianity
- Geographic influences
Geography and ethnicity
- Northwest: Muslim, huasa-Fulani
- Northeast: kanuri, Muslim
- Middle belt: smaller ethnic groups, Muslim and Christian
- Southwest: Igbo, Roman Catholic with growing Protestants
- Southern zone: delta of Niger River, various small minority groups
Sokoto caliphate
Muslim state that encompassed the entire northwest, north mid section, and part of the northeast
Societal characteristics that make Democratization difficult
- Poverty: about 60% live below
- Large gap between rich and poor: few signs of growth
- Health issues: High rates of hiv/aids, 1 of every 11, 2nd priority
- Literacy: 61.3%, gap btw female and male
Cleavages
- Ethnicity: 250 and 40” separate ethnic groups with their own array of customs, 3 largest groups (Hausa Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba) have little in common
- Religion: no ideaology but instead complex competing religions, 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, and 10% native, sharia
- Region/north vs south: divides into 3 federated regions in 1955, follow ethnic and religious divisions, basis for elections and leg procedures
- Urban/rural: political orgs exist in cities
- Social class: elite and ordinary people
Prebendalism
Special brand of clientism in Nigerian politics. Term borrowed from max webers concept of an extremely personalized system of rule in which all public offices are treated as personal fiefdoms. By creating large patronage networks based on personal loyalty, civilian officials have skewed economic and political management to such an extent that they have often discredited themselves.
Transparency international
Private organization that compiles statistics about corruption in countries around the world, usually ranks Nigeria very low.
Boko haram
Tried to undermine Jonathan’s authority. Name means western education is sinful. Fight for wider application of sharia.
The people’s Democratic Party (pdp)
- better established 1998
- party of olusegun onasanjo 62%
- umaru yar adua 70%
- gained majority in National Assembly and most of the governors elected were candidates of the pdp
- corruption
The congress for progressive change (cpc)
- 2009
- originated in the buhari organization formed in 2006 by General Muhammadu buhari
Action congress of Nigeria
- nuh ribadu for president in 2011 but only received 5.5% of the vote
- won 18 seats in the senate and 53 seats in the National Assembly
Elections
3 levels: local, state, and national
National level: president, reps for hor, and senators
National elections
- Presidential: if a pres doesn’t receive an outright majority, a second ballot election may take place, must receive 25% of all the votes cast in 2/3 of the states
- Legislative: the senate has 109 senators (3 from each 36 state) and one from the federal capital territory Abuja; elected by direct popular vote. The hor (360) are elected from single member districts by plurality vote. Regional representation
Patrimonialism
The generals ruled under this system where a president is the head of an intricate patron client system and dispenses gov jobs and resources as rewards to supporters.
Para-statals
Corporations owned by the state and designated to provide commercial and social welfare services. Privately owned, but boards are appointed by government ministers, and their executives are interwoven into the presidents patronage system. Provide public utilities (water, electricity)
The National Assembly
A parliamentary system that was put in place until 1979 was replaced by a presidential system with a bicameral legislature, known as this.
The senate
- 4 year renewal terms
- elections are held the week preceding the residential election
- composed of 10& senators (3 from each 36 states and one from the federal territory)
- popular vote
- equal rep based on us
House of Representatives
- 4 year renewable terms
- elections are held the week preceding the presidential election
- 360 members from single member districts
- plurality, many different ethnicities
- after the election of 2011, only 13 representatives were women
- lowest rates of female representation
Loyalty pyramid
Senior government officials are supported by a broader base of loyal junior officials. State control of resources means that those in the pyramid get the spoils, and they alone have access to wealth and influence.
Rentier state
Heavily supported by state expenditure, while the state receives rent from other countries. Receive income by exporting their oil and leasing out oil fields to foreign countries.
Informal economy
Unreported incomes from small scale trade and subsistence agriculture.
Movement for the emancipation of the Niger delta
Wants more oil money going to the people of the delta states (violent)
Federal character
A principle that recognizes people of all ethnicities, religions, and regions, and takes their needs into account.
Signs that democracy may be taking root
- Some checks and balances between gov and branches: rejected president obasanjos attempt at third term
- Some independent decisions in the courts
- Revival of civil society
- Independent media
- Peaceful succession of power
- Improving freedom house scores
What is economic development based on?
Free market capitalism, economic liberalization (taking place through privatization; expanding private ownership of property), and marketization (allowing free maket principles to govern the economy).
