nicotine 😧

Question 1

is nicotine absorbed more in lower or higher pH

Answer 1

higher

Question 2

in the body, which surfaces is nicotine absorbed across

Answer 2

oral cavity

skin

lung

urinary bladder

GI tract

Question 3

short term symptoms of smoking

Answer 3

increased HR and BP

Question 4

long term symptoms of smoking

Answer 4

bad breath - nicotine / tar and chemicals are deposited in the oral cavity

stained teeth - sticky substances in smoke are deposited on teeth

smokers cough - to remove irritants from the body from respiratory tract

Question 5

what is nicotine metabolised to in the liver + how is it secreted from body

Answer 5

cotinine - urine n faeces

Question 6

what are the effects of nicotine on the body

Answer 6

increase HR/BP

decrease skin temp

mobilisation of blood sugar

increase FFA in blood

increase catecholamines levels in blood

arousal or relaxation

increase cardiac contractility

Question 7

what are the effects of nicotine on a cellular level

Answer 7

increase synthesis/release of hormones

activate tyrosine hydroxylase

activate transcription factors

induction of heat shock proteins

induce oxidative stress

effects on apoptosis

induce chromosome aberrations

induce sister chromatid exchange

Question 8

nicotine effects on the autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

reduces effects of parasympathetic activation

increases sympathetic activity

Question 9

how does nicotine increase the sympathetic nervous system activity

Answer 9

parasympathetic endings release Ach

sympathetic endings release Na (also called norepinephrine)

Question 10

what are the two types of cholinergic receptor

Answer 10

nicotinic (nAChR)
muscarinic (mAChR)

Question 11

where are Nm receptors found

Answer 11

neuromuscular junctions

Question 12

where are Nn receptors found

Answer 12

autonomic ganglia
adrenal glands
CNS

Question 13

what are the peripheral effects of stimulation of autonomic ganglia and peripheral sensory receptors

Answer 13

increase HR

reduce GI motility

sweating

Question 14

what us the pathophysiology of smoking

Answer 14

dependence

coronary heart disease (myocardial infarct)

peripheral vascular disease (hypertension)
lung cancer (carcinogens, tar, CO)

COPD
chronic bronchitis
emphysema

abnormal foetal development

Question 15

withdrawal symptoms of nicotine

Answer 15

increased irritability

impaired psychomotor tasks

aggressiveness

sleep disturbance

last 2-3 weeks - but cravings last longer

Question 16

what does nicotine enhance the synthesis+release of

Answer 16

dopamine

which acts on cholinergic receptors on dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area