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physiology > exercise🤸‍♀️ > Flashcards

exercise🤸‍♀️ Flashcards

1
Q

what are long fibres in skeletal muscle good for

A

rapid movement

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2
Q

what are short fibres in skeletal muscle good for

A

large forces

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3
Q

what are the 3 fibre types

A

type 1 -slow
type 2a -fast
type 2b -fast

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4
Q

features of slow twitch type 1 muscle fibres

A

oxidative

red

prolonged endurance activity

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5
Q

features of fast twitch type 2a muscle fibres

A

red

either endurance or rapid force

quickly fatigue

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6
Q

features of fast twitch type 2b muscle fibres

A

white - low myoglobin

rapid force production

quickly fatigue
glycolytic metabolism

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7
Q

what do the 3 diff fiber types look like on a microscope

A

type 1 = dark

type 2a = light

type 2b = medium

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8
Q

what are two types of muscle contraction

A

isometric
isotonic

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9
Q

what is isometric muscle contraction

A

contraction against resistance where length of muscle remains the same
eg holding a weight in your hand with arm outstretched

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10
Q

what is isotonic muscle contraction + the two types?

A

contraction against resistance where length of muscle changes

concentric = in direction of contraction    
eccentric - opposite to direction of contraction
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11
Q

what is the result of endurance exercise training

A

increased mitochondrial function

hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) involved in gene control of red muscle cell production and regulation of glycolytic enzymes

increased haemoglobin conc

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12
Q

how is creatine phosphate made

A

resting muscle =ATP + creatine -> Creatine phosphate + ADP -> creatine phosphate -> creatine + atp in active muscle

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13
Q

what small molecules are produced in the cirtic acid cycle

A

1x ATP
3X NADH
1X FADH2

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14
Q

brief pathway of how pyruvate forms ATP in aerobic krebs cycle

A

pyruvate -> acetyl CoA -> mitochondria -> ATP

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15
Q

brief pathway of how pyruvate forms ATP in anaerobic pathway

A

pyruvate -> lactic acid -> liver -> ATP

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16
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursor

17
Q

what is energy changes in intense short term exercise, 10-15sec, up to 2 min, several mins

A

10-15 sec

-creatine phosphate
-ATP

up to 2 mins

-glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

several minutes

-lactic acid build up
-oxygen debt
-about 2L of oxygen required to replenish ATP and creatine phosphate

18
Q

what are the energy changes in longer less intense exercise?

A

glycogen from circulation

glucose from plasma

hepatic glucose production increases
-short term glycogenolysis
-longer term gluconeogenesis

-muscle proteolysis
-glucagon and insulin
-fatty acid release

19
Q

what happens during the recovery phase of exercise +what are the 2 components

A

-fast component
->resting levels of ATP and CP restores
-slow component
->lactic acid converted to glucose in liver
->lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid

20
Q

what is the role of the respiratory system during exercise and how does it change to reflect this

A

to meet the increased oxygen demand
-increase in ventilation rate
-increased in tidal volume

21
Q

what 8 things control respiration

A

psychological

cns

co2

h+ ion level

O2 level

pulmonary stretch receptors

peripheral joint receptors

body temperature

22
Q

what happens to blood gas levels in arteries and veins during respiration and exercise

A

not much.
-arterial O2 and venous CO2 do not change significantly during exercise
because:
- respiratory system can provide adequate aeration

23
Q

what changes happen to oxygen consumption during exercise?

A

oxygen consumption increases

similar rate for first few seconds

reaches steady state where lactate acid accumulation is minimal

VO2max = when steady state oxygen consumption does not increase with work intensity

24
Q

when can u exercise past VO2 max?

A

when u produce an increased lactic acid accumulation
-age - decreases after 25
-sex - lower for females
-activity - improves with activity

25
Q

what happens in the lungs themselves

A

o2 and co2 diffusion capacity increases with exercise

26
Q

what changes happen to the heart during exercise

A

increase cardiac output

-increase stroke volume

-increase heart rate

27
Q

how is cardiac output controlled

A

increased activity to sympathetic nervous system increases stroke volume in ventricular myocardium
decreased activity to parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate via SA node
increase cardiac output

28
Q

what is stroke volume - what is CVS and TPR

A

the amount of blood expelled by the heart in each beat

CVS= central venous pressure changes diastolic filling pressure therefore more blood available to fill heart

TPR = total peripheral resistance changes ability to expel blood into arterial system

29
Q

how is stroke volume controlled?

A

-increased venous return, increases end-diastolic volume
-increase sympathetic activity/epinephrine - increase contractility
-decrease arterial pressure
- increase stroke volume

30
Q

what is starling’s law

A

the more full the heart is the harder it will contract increasing the stroke volume (ventricular performance)

force of contraction related to how stretched the cardiac muscle is

31
Q

how does control of heart shift during exercise change

A

during exercise, heart control shifts from parasympathetic (cPNA) to sympathetic (cSNA)

during recovery shifts back to cPNA

32
Q

what are the benefits of exercise

A

reduced BP

increased circulating HDL and reduced triglycerides

changes in arterial wall homeostasis reducing atherosclerotic disease

improved aortic valve function and reduction in calcification

increased ventricular chamber wall thickness

increased red cells

changes in cardiac vasculature to increase o2 availability

33
Q

how does exercising affect depression

A

moderate clinical effect in a decline in depression

long term follow up on mood found in favour of exercise

no more effective than psychological or pharmacological treatments

important for those who do not want pharmacological treatments

34
Q

how may exercise affect RA

A

2/3 RA patients may suffer from muscle wastage

higher risk of low bone density from RA - high intensity weight bearing exercise mitigates this

joint health - resistance training can increase tendon stiffness + strengthen connective tissues

cyclic loading enhances cartilage integrity and joint lubrication

mobility exercise to increase range of motion

physiology (10 decks)

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