Nicholas' Russia 1900 Flashcards
What were Police able to do from March 1882?
Declare any citizen under surveillance of the police
What proportion of children did not reach 5 in rural areas?
47%
How many ethnic groups made up the Russian empire?
Between 30-40
How large was Nicholas’ empire?
Around 5,500 miles wide
What proportion of the population did the peasantry make up?
80%
How much land did the nobility own?
25%
What proportion of the Russian population followed the Orthodox church?
80%
For how many people did 1 church and a priest in Moscow serve? (weakening of the church through urbanisation)
40,000
How much land was cultivated successfully? (proportion)
10%
What proportion of the World’s grain exports came from Russia?
36.4%
How many men made up the standing Russian army?
1.3m
What proportion of the annual budget was spent on the forces?
45%
How did one become an officer in the Russian army?
Through paying for the position
How many people had been sent to Siberia by 1900?
300,000
Who was Nicholas’ tutor? How did he describe democracy?
Pobedonostsev
“A falsehood”
What were the drawbacks of the Obschina agricultural system?
- Strip farming + allocation of land yearly meant land was often not looked after and prepared for the following season.
- Inefficient farming since land was owned in multiple locations
- Land too spaced apart and thin for new machinery to be used
In what year was there starvation from a particularly bad harvest? How many people died? What angered the people about the Government’s response here?
1891 – 400,000 deaths. The Government continued to export grain abroad despite those at home needing the food desperately. Also didn’t give people food parcels until they received satisfactory statistics they needed it, so it often arrived too late. New jobs they ‘made’ also went to people found out to be dead.
Why did Witte erect high tariffs? What impact did this have on agricultural modernisation?
Witte erected high tariffs to protect Russian industry but meant modern farming equipment often didn’t make it into the countryside since it had to be imported at high costs.
When was the Trans-Siberian railway completed?
1903
How much did iron and coal production increase between 1890 and 1900?
Iron tripled
Coal doubled
What was foreign investment in 1890, 1900 and 1914?
1890- 215 million roubles
1900 – 911 million roubles
1914 – 2000 million roubles
What did Witte describe as “one of the greatest successes in the peaceful cultural development of mankind”? When did this happen?
Russia joining the gold standard
1896
In 1904, how many people lived in the average St Petersburg apartment?
16
What proportion of the Russian population were factory workers 1914?
2%
How much was industrial growth in 1900?
8%
Why did industrial growth fall to 1.4% in 1900-1906?
Due to the depression
What were urban literacy rates in 1900?
57.8% literacy rate in city, 29.6% overall
How much did St Petersburg’s population grow by between 1890 and 1900? What about 1890 to 1914?
Grew by 250,000 in the last decade of the C19th
Doubled in population size between 1890 and 1914
Why was agriculture not modernised by Witte?
Because he invested in heavy industry instead
For how many houses was running water available in St Petersburg?
1/3
What constantly threatened poor health in cities?
Poor sewage systems and a lack of clean water
How did urbanisation increase dissent towards the tsar?
- Weakened influence of the church
- Urban workers had space for discussion and debate at work
- New ideas spread faster
- More people were literate and hence could read political works
How many urban workers were there by 1900?
3m
How much railway production was state-owned by 1900?
70%
The introduction of what organisation by Alexander II had prompted the growth of the liberals?
The Zemstvos
What was the main demand of the Union of Liberation?
A constitutional monarchy
What was the name of the newspaper founded by Peter Struve in 1902?
Liberation
When was the first St Petersburg All-Zemstvo Congress? What did they call for?
November 1904
A constitutional monarchy and an end to the Russo-Japanese War
How many students were killed/ arrested in demonstration in Petersburg 1901?
13 killed and 1500 arrested
By 1900, what proportion of Russia’s heavy industries were foreign owned?
Around a half
By 1900, what was Russia the second largest source of in the world? What had allowed Russia to develop its extraction of resources?
Petroleum
Developments in the railway system
By 1910, how many cities had more than 100,000 residents?
12
What was the mileage of railroads in 1891 and 1901?
1891 = 19,500 1901 = 33,000
When was the Russian Governor General of Finland assassinated? When was Russification introduced to Finland?
1904
1891
When was the Jewish Bund founded? What did they advocate for?
1897
Advocated for national cultural autonomy and an end to discrimination
