Nicholas II Part Two (1905-1914) Flashcards
How much peasant opposition was there
Little
Stolypin successfully used repression to crush uprisings
Over 3000 were executed when Stolypin declared martial law
1907 peasant representation in duma cut by 50% - decreased their ability to disrupt parliament
Give the few examples of successful worker opposition
Economic recovery after the depression gave workers more bargaining power and strike activity rose from 1912
3574 stoppages in 1914
How was worker opposition limited
Trade union activity was geographically limited to St. Petersburg and the surrounding area
Only 12% of enterprises experienced a strike
Worker representation in the Duma was also cut by 50% - impeded their ability to block legislation
479 trade unions were closed down and 600 denied registration 1906-10
Why was radical opposition weak (SD’s + SR’s)
Both groups were weakened by the exile of their leader.
SD’s and SR’s were ideologically split between themselves, and within their own parties as to how to respond to the 1905 defeat
Membership declined and neither party had national, regional or all city organisations
Both groups were limited by a lack of finance and the shortage of secret printing presses
How many assassinations did the SR’s achieve (1906-9)
2,691
Why were the SR’s unsuccessful
Weakened by a split between those who continued to advocate violent methods and the Trudoviks who renounced violence and split fro the party
The government executed 2,390 on charges of terrorism
Boycotted first and fourth Duma and only achieved 37 seats in the 2nd
Why were the SD’s unsuccessful
Still very split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
Their leadership had been imprisoned after 1905
Lenin was unable to exercise effective control over Bolsheviks in exile
SD’s = no delegates in the 2nd Duma and only won 19 and 15 in last two governments so influence was light
What was the Bolshevik newspaper called
Pravada (truth) enjoyed a much higher circulation than the Menshevik Luch
Nationalities provided no single strong……………..No one but the Fins and………wanted …………..Ukrainians and Belorussians were pacified by further……………..and repression
Opposition
Poles
Russification
Give argument and 3 paras in the question ‘There was stringer opposition inside than outside the Duma’
There were somewhat more opposition outside than inside the Duma, but both went with little success
Strength of opp within
Strength of radical opp out
Strength of social opp out
What was the Adress to the Throne and what was the effect
Passed by Duma
Demanded a series of reform that was far too radical to be considered by the Tsar.
Wanted, political amnesty, compulsory seizure of noble lands without compensation, universal male suffrage, the abolition of the death penalty
Peasant disturbances escalated during this time and mutinies affected 20% of army units
How did the Tsar interfere with the Duma
Told Goremykin to say no to all demands
The Duma responded by passing a vote of no confidence in the goverment and demanded resignation of tsar’s ministers
Duma dissolved by Tsar and replaced Goremykin with Stolypin who was a strong supporter of autocracy and had little interest/respect for the democratic purpose
Give an example of Stolypin crushing opposition within the Duma
200 Duma delegates went on strike - travelled to Finland to persuade Fins to refuse to pay tax or military service
Stolypin used court-martial system to quell disorder rand used the Black Hundreds to attack protesters
Goverment executed 2390 people on charges of terrorism between 1906-09
What was different about the first and 2nd Duma
2nd = SR’s, Bolshevik’s and Mensheviks participated in the elections which made Duma 2 even more opposed to the Tsar and his ministers
DUma 1 only had Kadets and Octoberists
How did Stolypin undermine the 2nd Duma
Failed to get Duma support for agrarian reforms to increase peasant loyalty to the Tsar through social mobility
Had to resort to Tsar using emergency powers to pass laws when Duma not in session
When the Duma refused to ratify the laws, he spread that there was an SR assassination plot against the Tsar, dissolved the Duma and arrested the more radical delegates
In the 2nd Duma, how did Stolypin alter the Duma
Introduced an illegal emergency law to alter the franchise (who had the vote)
Power of nobility increased. Now the wealthiest 1% could control 66% of seats
Peasant and worker representation cut by 50%
What was the 3rd DUma dominated by
Moderate liberal Octoberists
Give examples of a lack of opposition in 3rd Duma
Agreed with 2,200 goverment proposals, demonstrating the impact on STolypin’s franchise laws
Why is the fact that the 3rd Duma rejected 300 goverment proposals significant
Evidence of how confrontational even the most loyal elements of society had become to the Tsar
What was the effect of the lack of opposition in the 3rd Duma
Outside Duma - political radicalism and unrest began to flare up
There was no belief that the Duma would radically change Russia
SR’s resorted to assassinations over 2,00 and radical right-wing groups were no less violent
What was the effect of Stolypin’s death
Brought an end to partial reform and signalled a return to complete reaction
The Octoberists split into factions
By 1914,….of people living in St. Petersburg were peasants by birth compared with just…50 years earlier.
3/4
1/3
How were the peasants still in a bad position
Socioeconomic inequality remained
Most peasant protests before 1914 were the result of………………………………….such as harvest failure or unfair land redistrabution, and was not overly…………..
Traditionol griviences
Political
The number of doctors shot up from 17,000 to………and graduate teachers rose by…%
The middle class were beginning to exert an influence on the Duma beyond their size
28,000
100%
How did culture change
1908 - First All Russian Congress of Women campaigned for the rights of women
Goverment expenditure on education had risen to 82 million roubles in 1914 from 5 million in 1896 (still only around 60% literacy)
Censorship relaxed from 1905, popular press experienced a boom, 1,800 newspapers published weekly
Germany feared that if they delayed war any longer, then Russia would……….her……….
Outstrip
Industrial
Russia was the world’s…..larget producer of coal, iron and steel
4th
