Nicholas II Part Two (1905-1914)

Question 1

How much peasant opposition was there

Answer 1

Little
Stolypin successfully used repression to crush uprisings

Over 3000 were executed when Stolypin declared martial law

1907 peasant representation in duma cut by 50% - decreased their ability to disrupt parliament

Question 2

Give the few examples of successful worker opposition

Answer 2

Economic recovery after the depression gave workers more bargaining power and strike activity rose from 1912

3574 stoppages in 1914

Question 3

How was worker opposition limited

Answer 3

Trade union activity was geographically limited to St. Petersburg and the surrounding area

Only 12% of enterprises experienced a strike

Worker representation in the Duma was also cut by 50% - impeded their ability to block legislation

479 trade unions were closed down and 600 denied registration 1906-10

Question 4

Why was radical opposition weak (SD’s + SR’s)

Answer 4

Both groups were weakened by the exile of their leader.

SD’s and SR’s were ideologically split between themselves, and within their own parties as to how to respond to the 1905 defeat

Membership declined and neither party had national, regional or all city organisations

Both groups were limited by a lack of finance and the shortage of secret printing presses

Question 5

How many assassinations did the SR’s achieve (1906-9)

Answer 5

2,691

Question 6

Why were the SR’s unsuccessful

Answer 6

Weakened by a split between those who continued to advocate violent methods and the Trudoviks who renounced violence and split fro the party

The government executed 2,390 on charges of terrorism

Boycotted first and fourth Duma and only achieved 37 seats in the 2nd

Question 7

Why were the SD’s unsuccessful

Answer 7

Still very split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

Their leadership had been imprisoned after 1905

Lenin was unable to exercise effective control over Bolsheviks in exile

SD’s = no delegates in the 2nd Duma and only won 19 and 15 in last two governments so influence was light

Question 8

What was the Bolshevik newspaper called

Answer 8

Pravada (truth) enjoyed a much higher circulation than the Menshevik Luch

Question 9

Nationalities provided no single strong……………..No one but the Fins and………wanted …………..Ukrainians and Belorussians were pacified by further……………..and repression

Answer 9

Opposition
Poles
Russification

Question 10

Give argument and 3 paras in the question ‘There was stringer opposition inside than outside the Duma’

Answer 10

There were somewhat more opposition outside than inside the Duma, but both went with little success

Strength of opp within
Strength of radical opp out
Strength of social opp out

Question 11

What was the Adress to the Throne and what was the effect

Answer 11

Passed by Duma

Demanded a series of reform that was far too radical to be considered by the Tsar.

Wanted, political amnesty, compulsory seizure of noble lands without compensation, universal male suffrage, the abolition of the death penalty

Peasant disturbances escalated during this time and mutinies affected 20% of army units

Question 12

How did the Tsar interfere with the Duma

Answer 12

Told Goremykin to say no to all demands

The Duma responded by passing a vote of no confidence in the goverment and demanded resignation of tsar’s ministers

Duma dissolved by Tsar and replaced Goremykin with Stolypin who was a strong supporter of autocracy and had little interest/respect for the democratic purpose

Question 13

Give an example of Stolypin crushing opposition within the Duma

Answer 13

200 Duma delegates went on strike - travelled to Finland to persuade Fins to refuse to pay tax or military service

Stolypin used court-martial system to quell disorder rand used the Black Hundreds to attack protesters

Goverment executed 2390 people on charges of terrorism between 1906-09

Question 14

What was different about the first and 2nd Duma

Answer 14

2nd = SR’s, Bolshevik’s and Mensheviks participated in the elections which made Duma 2 even more opposed to the Tsar and his ministers

DUma 1 only had Kadets and Octoberists

Question 15

How did Stolypin undermine the 2nd Duma

Answer 15

Failed to get Duma support for agrarian reforms to increase peasant loyalty to the Tsar through social mobility

Had to resort to Tsar using emergency powers to pass laws when Duma not in session

When the Duma refused to ratify the laws, he spread that there was an SR assassination plot against the Tsar, dissolved the Duma and arrested the more radical delegates

Question 16

In the 2nd Duma, how did Stolypin alter the Duma

Answer 16

Introduced an illegal emergency law to alter the franchise (who had the vote)

Power of nobility increased. Now the wealthiest 1% could control 66% of seats

Peasant and worker representation cut by 50%

Question 17

What was the 3rd DUma dominated by

Answer 17

Moderate liberal Octoberists

Question 18

Give examples of a lack of opposition in 3rd Duma

Answer 18

Agreed with 2,200 goverment proposals, demonstrating the impact on STolypin’s franchise laws

Question 19

Why is the fact that the 3rd Duma rejected 300 goverment proposals significant

Answer 19

Evidence of how confrontational even the most loyal elements of society had become to the Tsar

Question 20

What was the effect of the lack of opposition in the 3rd Duma

Answer 20

Outside Duma - political radicalism and unrest began to flare up

There was no belief that the Duma would radically change Russia

SR’s resorted to assassinations over 2,00 and radical right-wing groups were no less violent

Question 21

What was the effect of Stolypin’s death

Answer 21

Brought an end to partial reform and signalled a return to complete reaction

The Octoberists split into factions

Question 22

By 1914,….of people living in St. Petersburg were peasants by birth compared with just…50 years earlier.

Answer 22

3/4

1/3

Question 23

How were the peasants still in a bad position

Answer 23

Socioeconomic inequality remained

Question 24

Most peasant protests before 1914 were the result of………………………………….such as harvest failure or unfair land redistrabution, and was not overly…………..

Answer 24

Traditionol griviences

Political

Question 25

The number of doctors shot up from 17,000 to………and graduate teachers rose by…%

The middle class were beginning to exert an influence on the Duma beyond their size

Answer 25

28,000

100%

Question 26

How did culture change

Answer 26

1908 - First All Russian Congress of Women campaigned for the rights of women

Goverment expenditure on education had risen to 82 million roubles in 1914 from 5 million in 1896 (still only around 60% literacy)

Censorship relaxed from 1905, popular press experienced a boom, 1,800 newspapers published weekly

Question 27

Germany feared that if they delayed war any longer, then Russia would……….her……….

Answer 27

Outstrip

Industrial

Question 28

Russia was the world’s…..larget producer of coal, iron and steel

Answer 28

4th