Nicholas II (1905-1917) Flashcards
When was the St.Petersburg workmen petition, how many signed it and what did it call for
January 22nd, 1905
135,000 workmen
- Freedom (of speech, press, religion etc).
- Education
- Equality of all
- Repeal of indirect taxation
- Repeal of land redemption tax
- Protection of labour + 8 hour day
- Representation
What was the October Manifesto
October 17th 1905, signed by the Tsar promising constitutional reform
- Civil Freedom
- Representation through Duma
- Duma involved in every law
Huge political concession, but immediate social justice is untouched, so unrest and strikes continue
What was the reaction to the October Manifesto
Demonstrations for and against it take place.
WORKERS - Trotsky publicly denounces it, and many workers oppose it as it lacks social reform. But enthusiasm for stikes dwindles and many return to work
PEASANTS - Peasants redemption payments are halved, but it makes little impact on the heightened rural unrest. Many peasants seize land for themselves and directly assault noble manors.
What happened on December 3rd 1905
Egged on by Lenin and Trotsky, the St Petersburg and Moscow Soviets plan an armed workers uprising to take power. Moscow is briefly a barricaded battlefield, but the rebellion is crushed, 2,000 civilians die
The government orders troops to “fire no blanks and spare no bullets”. Army stays loyal to the government
When were the Fundamental laws and what were they
April 23rd, 1906
Reasserts Nicholas’ autocratic power
- Claims his right to veto legislation and rule by decree if an emergency demands it
- Claims the right to dissolve Duma whenever
- Asserts his right to control armed forces
- Make all foreign policy decisions
- Control the church
Why did the Tsar survive and become strengthened by the 1905 revolution
- The deep social and political divisions between the opposition groups appeared. The fragmentation of this opposition allowed him to take the initiative
- The left became politically fragmented. Working-class felt betrayed with liberal leaders as they did not achieve an 8-hour working day or land redistribution
- Middle + upper class and liberals were happy to accept the Manifesto as their call for a constitutional monarchy had been granted. Feared a whole-scale revolution + the radical potential of peasants and Soviet.
- Assured the loyalty from the officers which resulted in the creation of the Octoberists., committed to making the parliamentary system work. Return of still loyal army from Japan restored order.
How did the Liberal bourgeoise benefit from the revolution
- Censorship ended
- December 11th - new electoral laws grant wide male suffrage.
- Political parties legalised
How did the radicals lose out from the revolution
Head of the soviet is arrested
December uprising crushed
How did the workers lose out from the revolution
Demand for 8-hour working day abandoned
White-collar workers ambivalent towards strikes and employers are hostile
How did the workers win from the revolution
Wider male suffrage
Representation in Duma
How did Peasnats lose out from revolution
Redemption payments are halved - but makes little impact amongst the heightened rural unrest
Peasants seize land for themselves, however, illustrates their suffering as they have no choice
No nationalisation of land
How did the Tsar win in the short term
Army stays loyal
Able to cling onto autocratic power with mass arrests, police terror and drove socialists back underground - long term downfall
Successful reversal of October manifesto
What was the most important reform by Stolypin
Dismantling of village communes, organising kernel of the revolution of land - linked to the creation of a new class of peasant landowners. As these farmers became wealthier, they would hopefully give up their revolutionary claims
Lenin admitted that had the gamble worked the agrarian structure would have become ‘bourgeoise’ and the revolution would have been undermined
It was a failure, only 15% more did so by 1917
What successes did Stolypin achieve as Prime Minister 1906-11 on farming
(Stolypin) Wanted Mirs weakened, wanted to develop Kulaks into a class of capitalist richer landowning peasants. Kulaks would farm more efficiently, use modern technology and spend surplus wealth on consumer goods
Subsidies to encourage migration, 3.5 million settled in Siberia away from the over-populated East. Transformed it into a jor agricultural centre
Another Peasant bank in Nov 1906, to help buy land from the commune
Encouraged peasants to working on land blocks rather than narrow strips.
Jan 1907, Redemption payments officially abolished
Grain production rose, by 1909, Russia = biggest cereal producer
How did Styolypins agricultural reforms fail
By 1914, 90% peasant land still in traditional strips, as many prefered the security of that system
Peasant controlled land held by the communes only fell from 73% to 60%
Fewer than 1% achieved Kulak wealth
Did not address the issue of land hunger, with booming peasant numbers, and 50% land still in nobility