Nicholas II Flashcards
Nicholas II ruled from…
1894-1917
Proportion of children of peasants and workers at university in 1914?
38.8% (risen from 15.7% in 1980)
Government spending on elementary education increase 1905-14?
1.8% of budget to 4.2% (76 billion roubles)
What happened to enrolments in primary schools 1900-14?
Doubled
What happened to enrolments in secondary schools 1900-14?
Quadrupled
What happened to enrolments in higher education 1900-14?
Tripled
When did Nick II lift censorship?
1905 October manifesto
When did Nick II reintroduce censorship and why?
1911 because of Rasputin
What did Konstantin pobedonostsev call democracy?
‘The great lie of our time’
Who was Konstantin pobedonostsev?
Chief minister of the Russian government 1881-905
What did stolypin do to normal judicial procedures?
Got rid of them - hearings behind closed doors, defendants not allowed legal representation or the right to appeal, sentences carried out almost immediately
What was the result of the SRs attempted assassination of stolypin?
State of emergency declared and field courts martial introduced
Assassination attempt on stolypin?
1906
Who was stolypin?
Prime minister of the third Duma 1906-11
What did stolypin say about reform?
“Suppression first and then, only then, reform”
How many hanged by Stolypin’s necktie?
2,500
October manifesto was in…
1905
Redemption payments halved in?
1906
Redemption payments removed in?
1907
Redemption payments due to end in?
1910
What freedoms did the October manifesto grant?
Citizenship, worship and conscience
What system was the Duma?
Bi-cameral - one chamber was an elected lower house and the other a state council mostly appointed by the tsar
How many national minorities in the first Duma?
120
First Duma was in…
April-June 1906
Why didn’t the Duma have a financial hold over the government?
The tsar had successfully negotiated a substantial loan from France in early 1906
Third Duma was between…
1907-12
State run insurance scheme for workers set up by the Duma in…
1912
Fourth Duma was between…
1912-17
The fundamental laws made in…
April 1906
What were the fundamental laws?
Gave the tsar all government powers and a veto as well as the power to appoint and dismiss president of the council, minister and other officials
Rasputin poisoned the monarchy’s relations with…
It’s traditional pillars of support - the court, the bureaucracy, the church and the army
Example of Rasputin scandalising tsarism?
1915: the Yar restaurant - got drunk and claimed to be the tsarinas lover
Witte was minister of finance between…
1893-1903
Gold standard set up in…
1897
What did the gold standard do?
Create a more stable economy
In the 1980s Russia’s annual growth rate was high than…
That of any other industrial country
In the 1890s Russia’s economy grew by…
8% pa
50% growth in national income between…
1894-1913
Growth in national income 1894-1913?
50%
Famine under Nick II?
1897
Railways built between 1892-1904?
Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern
Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern railways built in…
1892-1904
Benefits of building railways?
Increased gov income from freight charges and passenger fares, peasant migration, development of rural areas, transport of troops and supplies, lower transport costs, stimulated exports etc
How many factories in 1908?
22,600
How many workers in 1908?
2.5 million
How many strikes in 1905?
13995
13,995 strikes in…
1905
22,600 factories and 2.5 million peasants in…
1908
1908-14 industrial growth rate of…
8.5%
Industrial growth rate of 8.5% in…
1908-14
Rise in foreign investment 1880-1914?
26% in 1880 to 41% in 1914
New farming methods under the wager on the strong included…
Enclosure and crop rotation
How many years did stolypin need to make the wager on the strong work?
20
When was the strip system replaced with enclosed fields?
1906-7
How many relocated to Siberia between 1906-15?
3.5 million
3.5 million relocated to Siberia between…
1906-15
What fraction of communal households took advantage of the wager on the strong?
1/5
What did the wager on the strong result in?
Better methods and higher yields
In the 1890s a significant minority of peasant taxes were…
Higher, signalling that their farming was producing higher profits
How much land had been consolidated into farms by 1914?
10%
10% of land had been consolidated into farms by…
1914
What did the October manifesto do to trade unions?
Legalised them
When were trade unions legalised?
1905
When was Kisshinev?
1903
How many killed in Kisshinev?
49 Jews, and hundreds seriously wounded
How many Jews fled between 1914-17?
2 million
2 million Jews fled between…
1914-17
What groups carried out pogroms?
The Black Hundreds - made up of landowners, rich peasants, bureaucrats, clergymen etc.
When was Plehve assassinated?
1904
Executions by field court marshals in 1906?
1,000+
Executions by field court marshals in 1911?
58
Political exiles in 1909?
22,568
1,000+ executions in…
1906
58 executions in…
1911
22,568 political exiles in…
1909
Political exiles in 1910?
10,972
10,972 political exiles in…
1910
Storming of the HQ of the st Petersburg soviet was in…
1898
Who was arrested at the storming of the St Petersburg soviet?
Trotsky
The mutiny on battleship Potemkin was in…
1905
What did the mutiny on battleship Potemkin show?
That the authorities couldn’t rely on the armed forces
Blood Sunday was on…
5th January 1905
Who led the march on Bloody Sunday?
Father George gapon - orthodox priest and Okhrana double agent
How many workers protested at Bloody Sunday?
100,000
How many killed and injured at Bloody Sunday?
200 killed, 800 injured
February revolution was in…
1917
Abdication of Nick II?
3rd march 1917
How many political assassinations did the SRs conduct 1906-7?
4,000+
Opposition groups to Nick II?
SRs, SDs, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, Liberls, Octoberists, Kadets
What was the Vyborg appeal?
200 Kadets and labourists drew up an appeal urging the people to defy the gov by refusing to pay taxes and disobeying conscription orders
When was the Vyborg appeal?
1906
Effects of the Vyborg appeal?
Gave the gov the pretext to retaliate, arresting the group and excluding them from the Duma
The provisional government ruled from…
March-November 1917
What did an 1897 census show?
Only 21% of the population was literate
Only 21% of the population was literate in…
1897
Lena Goldfields Massacre?
1912
Why did Nick II close universities?
1899 strike of 13,000 students
