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Forensic Science Analysis > NIBIN and Crime Scene Reconstruction Quiz 2 > Flashcards

NIBIN and Crime Scene Reconstruction Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

NIBIN

A

National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.

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2
Q

NIBIN History

A

ATF and FBI combined systems in 1999.

ATF and FBI work together to enter image acquisition, capturing, and comparing information to IBIS.

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3
Q

IBIS

A

Integrated Ballistics Identification System.

Collects images of unique microscopic markings found on fired bullets and cartridge cases.

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4
Q

NIBIN Purpose

A

Allow federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies to acquire images of fired ammunition components and compare them with other local agencies.

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5
Q

NIBIN Images

A

Correlated over a network compiling similar markings based on shades of black/white/gray and other viable characteristics required by the system.

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6
Q

NIBIN Matches

A

If a high-confidence match (highly similar) or image hit is found, then the image will then be further examined by a firearms examiner.

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7
Q

NIBIN Search

A

Technology provides agencies the capability to search investigative information across jurisdictional boundaries outside their regions.

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8
Q

NIBIN Goals

A

Coordinate entry of suitable ballistic information entered by Federal, State, and local agencies to identify all possible links in violent shootings.
Refer leads to others in order to solve, prevent, and reduce firearms-related violent crimes.

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9
Q

IBIS Locations

A

Found on every continent with a forensic laboratory (28 countries).

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10
Q

NIBIN and IBIS Creator

A

Forensics Technology Incorporated.

Hold offices all around the world.

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11
Q

NIBIN Regions

A

Originally divided into 12 regions, now there are 16.
222 sites nationwide.
Images sent to Data Acquisition Station (DAS) within each region.
We are region 2.

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12
Q

IBIS Images

A

Accepts bullets, fragments, shotshells, and cartridge cases.

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13
Q

Bullet Regions of Interest

A 
Headstamp.
Breech face markings.
Extractor mark.
Ejector mark.
Firing pin impression. 
Drag mark.
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14
Q

IBIS TRAX-3D

A

Collect, store and compare, analyze and report.

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15
Q

IBIS Process

A

Collects images.
Electronic signature extracted from each image and stored in database.
System automatically compares signatures in attempt to find match.
System ranks most likely matches for experts to examine further.

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16
Q

IBIS Purpose

A

Helps identify patterns and trends to assist law enforcement.

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17
Q

IBIS BRASSTRAX 3D

A

Only does cartridge cases.
Automation reduces operator variability and ensures consistent image quality.
Hands-off operation allows for multitasking.

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18
Q

IBIS BULLETTRAX 3D

A

Only does bullets.
360 degree imaging of lands and grooves.
Test fired and damaged bullets.
Image quality, reduced operator time, allows for multitasking.

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19
Q

IBIS MATCHPOINT+

A

Analysis of 2D/3D comparison results of bullets and cartridge cases.
Quantitative evaluation based on the topographical markings of 3D surface of bullet.
Generates reports and has multiviewer.

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20
Q

GRC

A

General Rifling Characteristics file.
Maintained by FBI.
Investigative aid, not all inclusive.
Errors exist due to incorrect input of data by people.

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21
Q

Ammunition Reference Collection

A

Collection of known samples of ammunition.

May contain samples of projectiles, propellant powder, primers, cartridge cases or other components.

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22
Q

Ammunition Reference Collection Purpose

A

A tool for examiners to link consistency amongst manufacturers.
Document known characteristics exhibited on ammunition that has been examined in the lab.

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23
Q

Firearms Reference Collection

A

Collection of known firearms.

May contain exemplar firearms, parts, historical firearms, or ones specifically utilized by the agency.

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24
Q

Firearms Reference Collection Purpose

A

Exists as a reference for examiners to utilize gun parts, learn functioning, test fire, identify, instruct, and link similarities between manufacturers.
Also serial number characteristic identification.

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25
Q

FID GUIDE

A

ATF National Tracing Division FID GUIDE.
Preliminary guide to assist firearm identification.
Contains firearms information, profiles from sample firearms, and graphic illustrations characterizing specific firearm types.

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26
Q

FID GUIDE Purpose

A

Developed as a functional tool t be carried in field to support investigators.
Practical aid for identifying firearms.

27
Q

CartWinPro

A

Knowledgebase with caliber measurements, color codes, headstamps, complete cartridges and manufacturer’s information.

28
Q

RCMP Firearms Reference Collection

A

Archived version of a firearms reference collection.
File viewer can open existing photos of various firearm and manufacturer information and serial numbers.
Helps examiners in the field who need help with unusual firearms.

29
Q

Types of Shooting Reconstructions

A 
Accidental/Unintentional Firing.
Officer Involved Shootings.
Homicides.
Robberies.
Drive by Shootings.
30
Q

Disciplines that use CSR

A 
Blood spatter interpretation.
Trace evidence.
DNA. 
Footwear and tire treads.
Latent prints.
31
Q

Shooting Reconstruction Basis

A

Application of multiple disciplines, including ballistics, firearm identification and wound ballistics.

32
Q

Shooting Reconstruction Success

A

Most are done after the fact without visiting scene.

Success depends on quality/quantity of information, documentation, and physical evidence at scene.

33
Q

Shooting Reconstruction

A

Based on scientific method.

Cause and effect relationships.

34
Q

Scientific Method

A 
Identify problem.
Make observations.
Develop hypothesis.
Carry out tests.
Refine hypothesis.
Develop theory.
35
Q

Theory of Reconstruction

A

Based on known facts or conclusions that aid in constructing a general theory (inductive).
Once theory is proposed, they use deductive reasoning to examine details.
Test and re-evaluate theories to prevent tunnel vision.

36
Q

Goals of Reconstruction

A

Not what exactly did happen, but develop the most likely sequence of events.

37
Q

3 R’s of CSR

A

Recover.
Review.
Reconstruct.

38
Q

3 R’s: Recover

A

Any and all documentation (reports, statements, photos and media, weather, medical records, wills, etc.)

39
Q

3 R’s: Review

A

Review ALL documentation thoroughly and read between the lines.
Professional opinions are not always consistent.

40
Q

3 R’s Reconstruct

A

Based on culmination of evidence, scene information, training, and experience.

41
Q

Tempered Glass

A

Required in rear and side automobile windows.

Fractures into mosaic pattern with no sharp edges.

42
Q

Shots in Glass

A

External impact produces concentric circles.
Fractures radiate from point of impact.
Direction of fire (bullet path) is indicated by the beveling around hole.
Second shot produces irregular hole that is devoid of radial/concentric fractures.

43
Q

Shot order

A

Sequence of events can sometimes be determined by the intersections of radial fractures.

44
Q

Different Surfaces, Different Holes

A

Plywood/laminates produce splintering or irregular leading edges.
Sheet metal (like car bodies) often result in oversized, irregular holes.
Tempered glass holes can be irregular.
Upholstered furniture and car sears can obscure bullet tracks.
Building walls and car doors all contain inner obstacles.

45
Q

Ricochet Phenomenon

A

Essential in order to understand marks seen in shooting reconstruction incidents.

46
Q

Ricochet

A

A change in angle and/or direction of a fired bullet or pellet as a result of impacting a surface.

47
Q

Ricochet Mark

A

A 2D defect without depth.

May have little or no penetration.

48
Q

Ricochet Crease

A

A 3D defect with depth.

49
Q

Angle of Impact

A

Angle of incidence to the impinging bullet to surface.

Mathematically related to width and length of a bullet hole by formula sin-1(w/l).

50
Q

Angle of Deflection

A

Lateral deflection (left or right) of ricocheting bullet.

51
Q

Angle of Ricochet

A

Angle of departure of bullet as it leaves a surface.

52
Q

Frangible Surface

A

A surface subject to crumble or crack upon application of force (like concrete).

53
Q

Non-frangible Surface

A

Surface that tends to bend or stretch upon application of force (like sheet metal).

54
Q

Directionality Based on Point of Impact

A

Directionality of bullet travel from ricochet marks or creases often leave visible copper/lead residue at initial points of impact.
This is a ready source for establishing directionality.

55
Q

Ricochet Basics

A

Path is generally predictable.
Harder the surface, the smaller the angle of impact.
Length of ricochet depends on surface.

56
Q

Ricochet Basics: Surfaces

A

For non-frangible surfaces, maximum depth of ricochet is closest to exit.
For frangible surfaces, maximum depth of ricochet is closest to entrance.

57
Q

Bullet Hole Basics: Angles

A

Bullets that strike at or near 90 degrees typically produce round holes.
Bullets that strike less than 90 degrees typically produce oval holes.
Lower the angle of impact, longer the bullet hole.

58
Q

Bullet Hole Basics: Surfaces

A

In materials like wood or sheet metal, entry side of oval bullet hole will typically have a visible shoulder while the exit will not.
Holes in double-walled objects will often have irregular holes due to bullet expansion and exiting of fragments.

59
Q

Bullet Hole Basics: Impact

A

Bullets tend to expand on impact such that the hole diameter (width) produced will typically be larger than the bullets caliber.

60
Q

Angle of Impact Tools

A

Lasers, strings, dowel rods, angle gauges, and protractors.

61
Q

Trajectory Methods

A

Determine vertical and horizontal angles of impact to the horizontal plane.
Determine angle of impact utilizing width to length ratio.
Discuss limitations associated with finding angles of impact.

62
Q

Hole Shapes/Indentions

A

Circular: 90 degree impact.
Oval: Less than 90 degrees.
Non-descript: Damaged projectile.
Rectangle: Tumbling projectile, most often will not penetrate surface.

63
Q

Impact Angle Limitations

A

Determining angle of impact from vertical viewpoint only you can place shooter at a relative estimated distance on 2D scale.
Determining angle of impact from both vertical and horizontal viewpoints and merging information you can determine if evidence support statement.

Forensic Science Analysis (6 decks)

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