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Forensic Science Analysis > AFIS & Impression Evidence Quiz 6 > Flashcards

AFIS & Impression Evidence Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

AFIS

A

The Automated Fingerprint Identification System.

Primarily used by law enforcement agencies for identifying a person suspected of committing a crime.

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2
Q

What is AFIS?

A

An electronic storage system for known finger and palm prints.

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3
Q

What does AFIS do?

A

Allows finger and palm print records (knowns) to be searched against each other.
Allows latent prints collected from a crime scene (fingers and palms) to be searched against the stored database.

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4
Q

AFIS History

A

Developed by Lockheed Martin for the FBI.

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5
Q

AFIS Developers

A

Now many companies that design and sell AFIS systems.

1) Morpho/Printrak
2) AFIX Tracker
3) Cogent
4) NEC

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6
Q

AFIS Integration

A

Not all AFIS systems are integrated with each other.
Example: Edmond PD uses AFIX Tracker, OSBI does not.
Information cannot be directly transferred between operating systems.

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7
Q

Oklahoma Fingerprint Repository

A

OSBI is the repository of fingerprint records for Oklahoma. OSBI has the largest fingerprint database in the state.

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8
Q

Lights-Out Matching

A

Some states use “lights-out matching” in which the computer system makes the identification.
This is BAD!
NOT AFIS technology.

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9
Q

AFIS Identifications

A

AFIS does not make identifications in latent print searches.

Instead provides a candidate list based on the operators encoded information within the print.

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10
Q

After AFIS Matches

A

A qualified examiner then has to visually compare the candidate prints (knowns/exemplars) to the latent print (crime scene print).

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11
Q

IAFIS

A

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System.

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12
Q

About IAFIS

A

Developed in 1999.
Maintained by FBI.
National system for storing, comparing, and exchanging fingerprint data in digital format.

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13
Q

IAFIS Access

A

Available to every law enforcement agency in the country.

Allows OSBI to access and search latent prints through the FBI’s fingerprint files.

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14
Q

IAFIS Functionality: Searches

A

Search latent prints against criminal fingerprint database.
Store ULF prints.
Name searches.

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15
Q

IAFIS Functionality: ULF

A

Store unidentified latent prints from unsolved cases in the Unsolved Latent File (ULF).
Search new 10-print fingerprint records against ULF.

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16
Q

IAFIS Functionality: Other

A

Retrieve criminal history records.
Perform latent print digital image enhancements.
Create special 10-print fingerprint files.

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17
Q

IAFIS Limitations

A

Entries has to be limited to less than 30% of the FBI’s fingerprint files.
Cannot store, analyze, or compare palm prints.

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18
Q

NGI

A

Next Generation Identification System.

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19
Q

About NGI

A

FBI upgraded IAFIS to make it more robust.
Developed NGI.
NGI officially replaced IAFIS September 7, 2014.

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20
Q

NGI Databases

A 
AFIT.
NPPS.
Rap Back.
RISC.
IPS.
IR.
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21
Q

AFIT

A

Advanced Fingerprint Identification Technology.

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22
Q

NPPS

A

National Palm Print System.

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23
Q

RISC

A

Repository for Individuals of Special Concern.

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24
Q

IR

A

Iris Recognition.

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25
About AFIT
First increment of NGI System. | Released February 2011.
26
AFIT Improvements
Enhanced fingerprint and latent processing services. Increased accuracy. Improved system availability.
27
AFIT Accuracy
CJIS Division implemented a new fingerprint-matching algorithm that improved matching accuracy fro 92% to more than 99.6%.
28
AFIT Efficiency
Contributors experienced faster response, fewer transaction rejects, and increased frequency of identification.
29
NGI Latent Prints: Accuracy
Uses a Friction Ridge Investigative File that is three times more accurate than previous latent search system.
30
NGI Latent Prints: Search Parameters
Prior to NGI, latent images were searched only against the criminal repository. Now searched against criminal, civil, and ULF repository.
31
NGI and ULF
Incoming criminal and civil submissions (10 print, palm, RISC) are cascaded against the ULF, generating new investigative leads in unsolved and/or cold cases.
32
About NPPS
National palm print database that is searchable by all law enforcement. Expands law enforcement's investigative capabilities. (About 1/3 of crime scene prints are actually palm prints).
33
Rap Back
Allows authorized agencies to receive on-going status notifications of any criminal activity on individuals who hold positions of trust (like school teachers) or who are under criminal justice supervision or investigation.
34
Rap Back Advantages
Eliminates the need for repeated background checks. | Replaces "snapshot" background checks.
35
Rap Back Access
Accessed for free for law enforcement agencies. | Others have to pay fee.
36
About RISC
Rapid search service accessible to law enforcement nationwide through the use of mobile fingerprint devices.
37
RISC Features
Rapid search offers additional officer safety and situational awareness by providing on-scene access to a national repository of wants and warrants. "Lights-out" rapid search of fingerprint records.
38
IPS
Interstate Photo System.
39
About IPS
IPS through facial recognition, provides a way to search millions of criminal photos.
40
IPS Functionality
Generates a list of ranked candidates as potential investigative leads. Universal Face Workstation free to authorized law enforcement.
41
About IR
Iris Recognition uses pattern recognition, mathematics, statistics, and human factors. More stable and reliable than fingerprint and facial recognition and less invasive.
42
Iris Patterns
Determined at birth. Random and unique. Permanent: remain he same throughout life.
43
AFIX Tracker
Runs on standard Windows machine. | Accepts images scanned from 10-print cards and most live scan devices.
44
AFIX Tracker Exchanges
Exchanges files between agencies in accepted EFTS/NIST formats.
45
AFIX Functionality
Plots minutiae automatically. | Matches both fingerprints and palms with superior technology.
46
Loop Patterns
Most left slant loops on left hand. | Most right slant loops on right hand.
47
Whorl Patterns
Clockwise whorl mostly left hand. | Counterclockwise whorl mostly on right hand.
48
Impression Evidence
Objects or materials that have retained characteristics of other objects or materials that have been impressed against them.
49
Types of Impression Evidence
Shoes. Tires. Toolmarks. Other.
50
Outsole
The portion of the shoe that contacts the ground and is exposed to wear.
51
Tread
The portion of the tire that comes into contact with the road.
52
Types of Impressions
2D. | 3D.
53
2D Impression
An impression that has dimensions of length and width, but not significant depth. Example: Shoe print left in powder, dust, blood, or an inked exemplar. Can be positive or negative.
54
Positive 2D Impression
Results when a shoe or tire deposits material onto a surface. Deposited residue represents the area of the outsole/tread that came into contact with the ground surface.
55
Negative 2D Impression
Produced when a shoe or tire removes residue from a surface. Residue represents the area of the outsole/tread that did not come into contact with the surface.
56
3D Impression
An impression with length, width, and depth. Made in a soft material. Examples: Snow, mud, biofoam.
57
Hard Floor Surfaces
Hard floor surfaces should be checked using oblique (side) lighting to search for any impressions that are not readily visible.
58
Photographing Impressions
Overall photographs taken to document the location of impressions in relation to rest of crime scene. Examination quality photos. Mid-range, close-up, with and without scale.
59
Measuring Impressions
Baseline or triangulation measurements taken to document exact location and directionality of impressions. Also measure impressions themselves.
60
Photographing Impressions: Close-Ups
Scale. 90 degree angle. Multiple flash angles.
61
Multiple Flash Angles
Properly utilize multiple flash positions around the impression to obtain quality comparison photographs.
62
Lifting 2D Impressions
Gel Lifters. Rubber Lifters. Electrostatic Dust Print Lifters. Latent Print Lifting Tape (not always effective).
63
Lifting 3D Impressions
Cast with dental stone, which contains gypsum which allows for a harder and more durable cast than other casting materials.
64
Mixing Dental Stone
Comes with pre-measured water or must mix with 9-12 oz. water. Must be thoroughly mixed with water. Should be consistency of pancake batter.
65
Methods of Comparing Impression Evidence
Side-by-side. | Super imposition.
66
Side-by-Side Examination
Placing questioned impression (casting from a scene) alongside the known impression and the actual shoe/tire.
67
Side-by-Side Examination: Techniques and Tools
Dividers, calipers, oblique lighting, and low magnification are often used during this method of comparison.
68
Superimposition
The placement of a transparent know impression over the questioned impression allowing for the comparison of several areas of the impression at one time. Low magnification and oblique lighting are often utilized.
69
Examination Considerations
1. Design including any significant manufacturing characteristics. 2. Physical shape and size. 3. Wear characteristics. 4. Individual identifying characteristics.
70
Class Characteristic
An intentional or unavoidable characteristic that repeats during the manufacturing process and is shared by other shoes/tires. Example: Tread patterns, brand logo, etc.
71
Wear
Erosion of the outsole/tread due to frictional and abrasive forces that occur between the outsole/tread and the ground. Can assist in making identifications.
72
Impression Identifications
Based on random, individual identifying characteristics that make the shoe/tire unique.
73
Impression Identifying Features Analysis
There is no set number of individual characteristics required.
74
SWGTREAD
Scientific Working Group for Shoe Print and Tire Tread Evidence.
75
About SWGTREAD
Created by FBI. Professional forum for shoe/tire experts to share, discuss, and evaluate methods, techniques, protocols, quality assurance, education, and research.
76
Footwear and Tire Treads: History
One of the oldest forensic disciplines. | Used since early 1800s.
77
Footwear and Tire Treads: Obtained Information
``` Possible number of perpetrators. Presence at a crime scene. Path of travel through and from scene. Relevant footwear/tire info. Corroborating or refuting witness or suspect statements. ```
78
SWGTREAD Objectives:
Establishing a sound foundation for evaluation. Encourage research and training. Maintaining consistent methodology and guidelines.
79
Footwear and Tire Treads: Research
Extensive supportive research done. Class, mold, wear, individual and identifying characteristics. Best practices and techniques for preservation, test impressions for comparison.

Forensic Science Analysis (6 decks)

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