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Forensic Science Analysis > AFIS & Impression Evidence Quiz 6 > Flashcards

AFIS & Impression Evidence Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

AFIS

A

The Automated Fingerprint Identification System.

Primarily used by law enforcement agencies for identifying a person suspected of committing a crime.

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2
Q

What is AFIS?

A

An electronic storage system for known finger and palm prints.

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3
Q

What does AFIS do?

A

Allows finger and palm print records (knowns) to be searched against each other.
Allows latent prints collected from a crime scene (fingers and palms) to be searched against the stored database.

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4
Q

AFIS History

A

Developed by Lockheed Martin for the FBI.

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5
Q

AFIS Developers

A

Now many companies that design and sell AFIS systems.

1) Morpho/Printrak
2) AFIX Tracker
3) Cogent
4) NEC

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6
Q

AFIS Integration

A

Not all AFIS systems are integrated with each other.
Example: Edmond PD uses AFIX Tracker, OSBI does not.
Information cannot be directly transferred between operating systems.

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7
Q

Oklahoma Fingerprint Repository

A

OSBI is the repository of fingerprint records for Oklahoma. OSBI has the largest fingerprint database in the state.

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8
Q

Lights-Out Matching

A

Some states use “lights-out matching” in which the computer system makes the identification.
This is BAD!
NOT AFIS technology.

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9
Q

AFIS Identifications

A

AFIS does not make identifications in latent print searches.

Instead provides a candidate list based on the operators encoded information within the print.

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10
Q

After AFIS Matches

A

A qualified examiner then has to visually compare the candidate prints (knowns/exemplars) to the latent print (crime scene print).

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11
Q

IAFIS

A

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System.

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12
Q

About IAFIS

A

Developed in 1999.
Maintained by FBI.
National system for storing, comparing, and exchanging fingerprint data in digital format.

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13
Q

IAFIS Access

A

Available to every law enforcement agency in the country.

Allows OSBI to access and search latent prints through the FBI’s fingerprint files.

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14
Q

IAFIS Functionality: Searches

A

Search latent prints against criminal fingerprint database.
Store ULF prints.
Name searches.

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15
Q

IAFIS Functionality: ULF

A

Store unidentified latent prints from unsolved cases in the Unsolved Latent File (ULF).
Search new 10-print fingerprint records against ULF.

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16
Q

IAFIS Functionality: Other

A

Retrieve criminal history records.
Perform latent print digital image enhancements.
Create special 10-print fingerprint files.

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17
Q

IAFIS Limitations

A

Entries has to be limited to less than 30% of the FBI’s fingerprint files.
Cannot store, analyze, or compare palm prints.

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18
Q

NGI

A

Next Generation Identification System.

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19
Q

About NGI

A

FBI upgraded IAFIS to make it more robust.
Developed NGI.
NGI officially replaced IAFIS September 7, 2014.

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20
Q

NGI Databases

A 
AFIT.
NPPS.
Rap Back.
RISC.
IPS.
IR.
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21
Q

AFIT

A

Advanced Fingerprint Identification Technology.

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22
Q

NPPS

A

National Palm Print System.

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23
Q

RISC

A

Repository for Individuals of Special Concern.

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24
Q

IR

A

Iris Recognition.

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25
Q

About AFIT

A

First increment of NGI System.

Released February 2011.

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26
Q

AFIT Improvements

A

Enhanced fingerprint and latent processing services.
Increased accuracy.
Improved system availability.

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27
Q

AFIT Accuracy

A

CJIS Division implemented a new fingerprint-matching algorithm that improved matching accuracy fro 92% to more than 99.6%.

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28
Q

AFIT Efficiency

A

Contributors experienced faster response, fewer transaction rejects, and increased frequency of identification.

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29
Q

NGI Latent Prints: Accuracy

A

Uses a Friction Ridge Investigative File that is three times more accurate than previous latent search system.

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30
Q

NGI Latent Prints: Search Parameters

A

Prior to NGI, latent images were searched only against the criminal repository.
Now searched against criminal, civil, and ULF repository.

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31
Q

NGI and ULF

A

Incoming criminal and civil submissions (10 print, palm, RISC) are cascaded against the ULF, generating new investigative leads in unsolved and/or cold cases.

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32
Q

About NPPS

A

National palm print database that is searchable by all law enforcement.
Expands law enforcement’s investigative capabilities.
(About 1/3 of crime scene prints are actually palm prints).

33
Q

Rap Back

A

Allows authorized agencies to receive on-going status notifications of any criminal activity on individuals who hold positions of trust (like school teachers) or who are under criminal justice supervision or investigation.

34
Q

Rap Back Advantages

A

Eliminates the need for repeated background checks.

Replaces “snapshot” background checks.

35
Q

Rap Back Access

A

Accessed for free for law enforcement agencies.

Others have to pay fee.

36
Q

About RISC

A

Rapid search service accessible to law enforcement nationwide through the use of mobile fingerprint devices.

37
Q

RISC Features

A

Rapid search offers additional officer safety and situational awareness by providing on-scene access to a national repository of wants and warrants.
“Lights-out” rapid search of fingerprint records.

38
Q

IPS

A

Interstate Photo System.

39
Q

About IPS

A

IPS through facial recognition, provides a way to search millions of criminal photos.

40
Q

IPS Functionality

A

Generates a list of ranked candidates as potential investigative leads.
Universal Face Workstation free to authorized law enforcement.

41
Q

About IR

A

Iris Recognition uses pattern recognition, mathematics, statistics, and human factors.
More stable and reliable than fingerprint and facial recognition and less invasive.

42
Q

Iris Patterns

A

Determined at birth.
Random and unique.
Permanent: remain he same throughout life.

43
Q

AFIX Tracker

A

Runs on standard Windows machine.

Accepts images scanned from 10-print cards and most live scan devices.

44
Q

AFIX Tracker Exchanges

A

Exchanges files between agencies in accepted EFTS/NIST formats.

45
Q

AFIX Functionality

A

Plots minutiae automatically.

Matches both fingerprints and palms with superior technology.

46
Q

Loop Patterns

A

Most left slant loops on left hand.

Most right slant loops on right hand.

47
Q

Whorl Patterns

A

Clockwise whorl mostly left hand.

Counterclockwise whorl mostly on right hand.

48
Q

Impression Evidence

A

Objects or materials that have retained characteristics of other objects or materials that have been impressed against them.

49
Q

Types of Impression Evidence

A

Shoes.
Tires.
Toolmarks.
Other.

50
Q

Outsole

A

The portion of the shoe that contacts the ground and is exposed to wear.

51
Q

Tread

A

The portion of the tire that comes into contact with the road.

52
Q

Types of Impressions

53
Q

2D Impression

A

An impression that has dimensions of length and width, but not significant depth.
Example: Shoe print left in powder, dust, blood, or an inked exemplar.
Can be positive or negative.

54
Q

Positive 2D Impression

A

Results when a shoe or tire deposits material onto a surface.
Deposited residue represents the area of the outsole/tread that came into contact with the ground surface.

55
Q

Negative 2D Impression

A

Produced when a shoe or tire removes residue from a surface. Residue represents the area of the outsole/tread that did not come into contact with the surface.

56
Q

3D Impression

A

An impression with length, width, and depth.
Made in a soft material.
Examples: Snow, mud, biofoam.

57
Q

Hard Floor Surfaces

A

Hard floor surfaces should be checked using oblique (side) lighting to search for any impressions that are not readily visible.

58
Q

Photographing Impressions

A

Overall photographs taken to document the location of impressions in relation to rest of crime scene.
Examination quality photos.
Mid-range, close-up, with and without scale.

59
Q

Measuring Impressions

A

Baseline or triangulation measurements taken to document exact location and directionality of impressions.
Also measure impressions themselves.

60
Q

Photographing Impressions: Close-Ups

A

Scale.
90 degree angle.
Multiple flash angles.

61
Q

Multiple Flash Angles

A

Properly utilize multiple flash positions around the impression to obtain quality comparison photographs.

62
Q

Lifting 2D Impressions

A

Gel Lifters.
Rubber Lifters.
Electrostatic Dust Print Lifters.
Latent Print Lifting Tape (not always effective).

63
Q

Lifting 3D Impressions

A

Cast with dental stone, which contains gypsum which allows for a harder and more durable cast than other casting materials.

64
Q

Mixing Dental Stone

A

Comes with pre-measured water or must mix with 9-12 oz. water.
Must be thoroughly mixed with water.
Should be consistency of pancake batter.

65
Q

Methods of Comparing Impression Evidence

A

Side-by-side.

Super imposition.

66
Q

Side-by-Side Examination

A

Placing questioned impression (casting from a scene) alongside the known impression and the actual shoe/tire.

67
Q

Side-by-Side Examination: Techniques and Tools

A

Dividers, calipers, oblique lighting, and low magnification are often used during this method of comparison.

68
Q

Superimposition

A

The placement of a transparent know impression over the questioned impression allowing for the comparison of several areas of the impression at one time.
Low magnification and oblique lighting are often utilized.

69
Q

Examination Considerations

A
  1. Design including any significant manufacturing characteristics.
  2. Physical shape and size.
  3. Wear characteristics.
  4. Individual identifying characteristics.
70
Q

Class Characteristic

A

An intentional or unavoidable characteristic that repeats during the manufacturing process and is shared by other shoes/tires.
Example: Tread patterns, brand logo, etc.

71
Q

Wear

A

Erosion of the outsole/tread due to frictional and abrasive forces that occur between the outsole/tread and the ground. Can assist in making identifications.

72
Q

Impression Identifications

A

Based on random, individual identifying characteristics that make the shoe/tire unique.

73
Q

Impression Identifying Features Analysis

A

There is no set number of individual characteristics required.

74
Q

SWGTREAD

A

Scientific Working Group for Shoe Print and Tire Tread Evidence.

75
Q

About SWGTREAD

A

Created by FBI.
Professional forum for shoe/tire experts to share, discuss, and evaluate methods, techniques, protocols, quality assurance, education, and research.

76
Q

Footwear and Tire Treads: History

A

One of the oldest forensic disciplines.

Used since early 1800s.

77
Q

Footwear and Tire Treads: Obtained Information

A 
Possible number of perpetrators.
Presence at a crime scene.
Path of travel through and from scene.
Relevant footwear/tire info.
Corroborating or refuting witness or suspect statements.
78
Q

SWGTREAD Objectives:

A

Establishing a sound foundation for evaluation.
Encourage research and training.
Maintaining consistent methodology and guidelines.

79
Q

Footwear and Tire Treads: Research

A

Extensive supportive research done.
Class, mold, wear, individual and identifying characteristics.
Best practices and techniques for preservation, test impressions for comparison.

Forensic Science Analysis (6 decks)

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