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Psyc403 > New Millenium (without the Roman civilization) > Flashcards

New Millenium (without the Roman civilization) Flashcards

1
Q

What does “A.D.” mean?

A

Abbreviation for Anno Domini = since (or after) Jesus’ birth.
-> Birth of JC marked the beginning of the new millenium.

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2
Q

How did the calendars work before JC?

A

In the ancient epochs, calendar used in a kingdom/region was based on a particular event (e.g. beginning of dynasty, military victory…).

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3
Q

Who invented AD/before JC?

A

The 4th-century monk Dionysus the Short invented a calendar pointing to events as happened in A.D. (anno domini, “Lord’s year”) or in B.C. (before Christ).
-> served as a system of relative locus of events

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4
Q

Jesus’s story

A
  • Born in Bethlehem to a Jewish couple from Nazareth
  • Educated in a synagogue, Jesus won great popularity for his revolutionary social teaching:
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5
Q

Jesus’s revolutionary social teaching (3)

A

(1) Equality for all people: everyone deserve respect independently of race, sex, social or political status. Decalogue for all.
(2) Fraternity: Respect, altruism, generosity, care, brotherly love… Compassion & forgivenessinstead of vengeance
(3) Freedom: The free will& the responsibility for our choices

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6
Q

The “freedom” part of Jesus’s teaching reminds us of what religion?

A

Zoroastrianism

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7
Q

Jesus’s religion was a Challenge to theological Zeitgeist. Why?

A

Roman polytheist system, the emperor’s divinity
-> Jewish Temple refused to recognize Jesus as the Messiah

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8
Q

Messiah def

A

Somebody anointed with symbolic oils and creams or divinely appointed for a sacred role

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9
Q

Jesus’s religion was a Challenge to social Zeitgeist. Why?

A

The “politically incorrect,” revolutionary social teachings on altruism and love NOT compatible with the mentality of egoism, vanity, power, slavery, inequality, and killing for pride, vengeance or entertainment.
-> Jesus: accused of a crime against the laws and order, condemned to death by crucifixion - three days later resurrected (according to The Gospels)

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10
Q

How did Christianity spread in the Roman Empire?

A

With the growth of economy and wealth → arrogance, vanity, hedonism. Frustration of underprivileged citizens, poor illegal immigrants, slaves.
-> The voice of conscience/decency attracted some aristocratic Romans to the ethics and social teaching of Christianity
-> Started secretely converting and supporting the poor masses (despite persecution)

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11
Q

St. Paul - Story

A
  • Born to Jewish parents in the city Tarsus(now Turkey, then Roman Empire territory). Educated in classic Greek philosophy.
  • Became an officer in the Roman administration
  • Put in charge of spying on the activities of the Christian convert
  • Then had a vision: converted to christianity and took the name Paul
  • Started intense regimen of travelling through Mediterranean region to teach Christianity. Spread Jesus’s teaching
    -> Charged with allegiance to and propagation of an illegal religion. Executed.
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12
Q

St. Paul: Philosophy

A
  • Abrahamic God is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent
  • Ontological IDEALISM and INTUITIVE epistemology: contemplative introspection
  • Dual nature of human beings: physical needs and spiritual virtues/aspirations
  • Three components of the human being
  • The essence of reality is the human soul, in which God’s creation is reflected
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13
Q

St. Paul was inspired by which philosophies?

A

Influenced by Platonian (Ontological IDEALISM) and Aristotelian philosophy

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14
Q

[St Paul] What are the three components of the human being?

A

The imperfect body, the passive psyche and the active rational/moral soul

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15
Q

[St. Paul] What happens after death?

A

After bodily death, the soul returns to eternity with all the memory and responsibility for the terrestrial conduct. Judged by the divine court.
-> The physical pain and death can be transcended bc the human soul is immortal

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16
Q

[St. Paul] How is his vision of “after death” different than Aristotle?

A

St Paul: Soul returns to eternity WITH all the memory and responsibility for the terrestrial conduct. Judged by the divine court.
Aristotle: Soul returns to eternity WITHOUT any memory of terrestrial experiences

17
Q

What school of thought was incorporated into Christian doctrine?

A

Stoicism:
- The world is ruled by a divine master plan.
- Whatever happens in the universe, happens for a reason - even if people don’t understand it.
- In the divine master plan, everyone has an assigned role.
- The individual person must accept the assigned fate with courage, dignity, humility and peace.

18
Q

Claudius Galenus (aka Galen): Story

A
  • Born in the Roman city of Pergamo, inhabited mostly by the Greeks at the time.
  • Solid education in philosophy and medicine. Traveled a lot.
  • In Alexandria: trained in anatomy & medicine. Anatomy
  • In Rome: royal physician to emperor Marcus Aurelius
19
Q

Claudius Galenus (aka Galen): Science contributions

A

Did dissection on apes and other animals (not authorized on humans)
→ Based on his practice, wrote 17 valuable books on anatomy and physiology

20
Q

Claudius Galenus (aka Galen): Psychology contributions

A
  • Psychotherapy and insight into psychosomatics: He was aware of mind-body relationships
    => Would give therapeutic advice to pple suffering from bodily dysfunctions resulting from emotional stress.
    -> Aware of possibility of helping pple without physical remedies, psychotherapeutically.
  • The basic temperaments
21
Q

Claudius Galenus (aka Galen): The basic temperaments

A

Inspired by Hippocrates basic fluids.
- Melancholic, Phlegmatic, Sanguine, Choleric

22
Q

Claudius Galenus (aka Galen): The basic temperaments
-> What’s the etymology of temperament?

A

In latin, temperament (tempus - time) = speed of actions typical for a person; characteristics of behavior in terms of time (how slow or fast you are)

23
Q

Galenic types of temperament in the perspective of paradigms offered by others

A
  • Empedocles: 4 elements: earth, water, air, fire
  • Hippocrates:4 bodily fluids: black bile, phlegm, blood, yellow bile
  • Hans J. Eysenck: Extraversion - Introversion: based on cortical excitation - inhibition; Stability - Neuroticism: based on subcortical ANS - Limbic - endocrine interactions.
24
Q

Plotinus: Story

A
  • Greek philosopher, born in Alexandria teaching in Rome. Taught his version of Platonian ontology.
  • Friend of emperor Claudius I. Travelled to and learned from India, Persia and Babylonia.
  • During travels, fascinated by religious and philosophical focus on intuitive/meditative rather than sensory/rational way of apprehension of Universe
25
Q

Plotinus: Thoughts

A

Neo-Platonism.
- Deemphasized Plato’s rational reasoning and replate it with mystic meditation and intuition. -> Went farther than Plato: for him, the true reality is PURELY spiritual
- Mystic nature of the Universe: true essence of the reality is SPIRITUAL.
- Hierarchical structure of the Universe
- Henosis
- To know the universe, we must look within our soul through introspective and intuitive meditation
!Mysticism without religious denomination!

26
Q

Plotinus: ELEMENTS of Hierarchical structure of the Universe (3)

A

The One, The Cosmic Spirit, Human souls/minds

27
Q

[Plotinus-Hierarchy of universe] The One def

A

Absolute pure beginning and the primary cause of everything.
- Eternal Pre-Being and contains the preconcept of the Universe and absolute truth, harmony, goodness and beauty.
→ The One emanates/creates The COSMIC SPIRIT or Mind (Divine Intellect, Logos, Harmony)

28
Q

[Plotinus-Hierarchy of universe] The Cosmic Spirit def

A

Logos, perfect harmony of the universe, divine intellect
-> Emanates/creates the HUMAN SOUL/MIND

29
Q

[Plotinus-Hierarchy of universe] The Human Soul/Minds

A

The sensible world is an illusory emanation or projection of the human mind.
-> Emanates/creates the world of appearances - imperfect material impressions
→ Plotinus agrees with Plato here: we must not trust our sensory perceptions and opinions.

30
Q

What does Plotinus have in common with Plato? What differed?

A

Common: We must not trust our sensory perceptions and opinions.
Differed: Deemphasized Plato’s rational reasoning and replate it with mystic meditation and intuition. Went farther than Plato: for him, the true reality is PURELY spiritual
=> Instead, Plotinus recommended henosis as a tool of comprehension and happiness.

31
Q

[Plotinus] Henosis

A

Mystical state of deep meditation + detachment from sensory/rational input. Union and unity with The One, the Primary Source.

32
Q

[Plotinus] What’s happiness?

A

Happinessin the mental state of Henosis.
Human happiness is possible, but not through sensory pleasure, through deep meditative connection to The One.
Attainable through:
- Humble, ascetic lifestyle
- Deep meditation
->Desire to feel connected to the universe

33
Q

St Augustine’s philosophy combines many elements of other school of thoughts, what are they?

A

Plotinus’s teaching (Neoplatonism) + Stoicism + religious and social teaching of Jesus

34
Q

St. Augustine: Story

A
  • Augustine Aureliusof Tagaste (now Algeria)
  • At first, not saint at all. Alcoholic… “bad” guy.
  • Eventually, influenced by his mom, accepted to convert to christianity.
  • Ordained as a priest, and later, the bishop in Africa; The founder of the major Christian theology
  • In recognition of his work on christian theology, canonized as a saint in 1298
35
Q

St. Augustine: Confessions

A

Meditative, introspective, dialogue with God.
- In latin. Directly confessing to god his errors and wrongdoings, attachment to material world.
- A profoundly introspective, honest self-analysis
- Genuine desire to repent and achieve a direct dialogue with god

36
Q

What did Augustine retained from Plotinus?

A

The soul is an image, an emanation (projection) of the cosmic Spirit and The One (Plotinus)
+ Epistemology: intuitive introspection and meditation rather than sensory examination
-> Emphasized the privileged position of humans

37
Q

St. Augustine: Thoughts

A
  • Moral virtues: Grace, humility, self-discipline, ascetic life, generosity…
    (close to aristotelian view)
  • The role of parents = serve as models of ethical conduct for children. Loving support rather than punishement.
  • Epistemology: intuitive introspection and meditation rather than sensory examination
  • Emphasized the privileged position of humans
  • Faculties of the soul
38
Q

Neoplatonian mysticism and Stoicism adopted into Augustinian theology

A

Emphasized the privileged position of humans:
- The human Soul as an image, emanation, and projection of God, thus semi divine.
- Semi-divine nature: thus, a privilege of the free will and responsibility for the choices and the duty of caring for others

39
Q

[St. Augustine] Major faculties of human soul (3)

A

(1) Memory: Ability to learn how to behave
=> Punishing kids for not remember things is NOT a good thing.
(2) Understanding: Intellectual reasoning & faithful contemplation
(3) The Free Will: Judgement & prediction of consequences

Psyc403 (10 decks)

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