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Advanced molecules, membranes and cells > New Imaging Techniques 1 > Flashcards

New Imaging Techniques 1 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Optogenetics

A

uses light to control cell and animal behaviour

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2
Q

who coined name for optogenetics?

A

Karl Diesseroth in 2006

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3
Q

phototaxis

A

algae swim to or away from light

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4
Q

2 properties of algal photoxis protein channelrhodopsin

A

fluorescent and an ion channel

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5
Q

channelrhodopsin in response to blue light

A

channel opens, sodium and calcium in, nerve depolarises and fire AP

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6
Q

what is halorhodopsin?

A

light gated chloride pump found in archae

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7
Q

what activates halorhodopsin?

A

yellow light - chloride in, hyperpolarise, silence AP

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8
Q

Briefly how does optogenetics work?

A

Light sensitive protein from algae
take gene for this protein
insert DNA into specific neurons in brain
neurons fire by shining bluelight

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9
Q

Optogenetics - spatial and temporal resolutions

A

very high spatial - single cell/synapse

high temporal - msec

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10
Q

Opto-XRs

A

opsin receptor chimeras

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11
Q

What allows chimeric GPCR receptors?

A

common structure-function relationships

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12
Q

Making Opto-XRs

A

Replace intracellular loops of bovine rhodopsin with specific adrenergic or serotonin receptors

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13
Q

advantage of Opto-XRs

A

optically activate intracellular pathways recruited by these receptors eg cAMP and IP3 pathways

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14
Q

What can enhance the specificity of optogenetics?

A

pharmaoclogy

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15
Q

what is phototropin 1?

A

blue light (BL) receptor in plants which shows BL dependent kinase activation

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16
Q

What do psychiatric diseases disturb which is a limitation to optogenetics?

A

intracellular pathways requiring protein-protein interactions

17
Q

BL on phototropin 1

A

BL excited LOV2 activates kinase domains

induces protein-protein dimerisations, subsecond and subcellular resolution

18
Q

Application for light mediated intracellular protein-protein interactions

A

phototropin 1

19
Q

What can be used as a light switchable transgene for control of gene expression

A

Lighton uses light dimerisation property of vivid

20
Q

vivid

A

light oxygen voltage domain containing protein in circadian clock systems
forms light switchable gene-promoter system

21
Q

How to use Light on/vivid

A

binds promoter after BL exposure
rapidly initiate transcription of target transgene
precise spatiotemporal control of genes in a cell type types specific fashion

22
Q

2 therapeutic uses of optogenetics

A

pain

vision

23
Q

pain - optogenetics

A

light sensitive opsins in nociceptor nerve endings
blue light - react to pain, yellow light blocks
also blocks pain perception in chronic pain

24
Q

vision - optogenetics

A

channel rhodopsin to transfect RGC blinded by retinitis pigmentosa
active light responsive ganglion cells

25
Q

Cajal

A

nobel prize 1906, silver nitrate staining in histology
nervous system structure
discovered synapses and growth cones

26
Q

connectome project

A

map entire connections of human brain

started 2010

27
Q

brainbow and connectome project

A

markers to differentiate between same types of cells

brainbow generated array of fluorescent markers which label each neuron

28
Q

which system does brainbow use?

A

cre loxP

29
Q

where is cre from?

A

bacteriophage P1

30
Q

how many fluorescent transgenes does brainbow use?

A

3/4

31
Q

RGC projection

A

thalamus to cortex

32
Q

1st week of life - how many RGC inputs does 1 thalamic cell recieve? by week 3? what is this called?

A

20 to 1
1 to 1
activity dependent synapse withdrawl

33
Q

brainbow and RGC synapse withdrawl

A

clusters of retinal terminal - label each cell
complex retinothalamic synapses
synapses not withdrawn - convergence persists on thalamic relay cells

Advanced molecules, membranes and cells (20 decks)

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