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Endocrine signalling 3 + 4 Flashcards

1
Q

define and give examples

  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. endocrine
  4. neurohormone
  5. neurotransmitter
  6. pheromone
A
  1. cell - same cell type eg TFGb
  2. cell - different cell type eg oestradiol
  3. endocrine - blood eg LH
  4. hormone from neurone eg GnRH
  5. neurone to neurone eg serotonin
  6. via environment
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2
Q

human pheromone? 4 molecules

A

androsterone
androstenol
androstadienone
estratetraenol

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3
Q

hormones in TGFb family

A

inhibin A and B
activin
follistatin

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4
Q

most potent oestrogen in humans

A

17b-oestradiol E2

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5
Q

ways to module hormone action/half life

A 
sulphation, glycosylation 
excretion 
biotransformation 
binding proteins eg SHBG
activetransport
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6
Q

negative feedback

A

inhibition of change

keeps homeostasis

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7
Q

positive feedback

A

stimulation of further change

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8
Q

example of positive feedback

A

oxytocin in childbirth

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9
Q

3 types of feedback loops

A

ultrashort - autocrine eg CRH
short - GNRH - GH
long via blood supply

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10
Q

photoperiodic control

A

light on RGC
retinohypothalamic tract
melanopsin +, pineal gland
SCN - reproduction, circadian

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11
Q

hormone levels peak in humans

A

early am = testosterone, cortisol
late day = insulin
night = melatonin, leptin, GH

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12
Q

circadian cycles and hormones

A

melatonin peaks at night
cortisol low at night, high in morning
GH high in sleep and TSH

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13
Q

seasonal fecundability

A

peaks in may and novemeber

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14
Q

humans vs sheep light

A

sheep - clear durational responses to photperiod

humans confused by artificial light

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15
Q

3 types of sex

A

genetic
gonadal
phenotypic

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16
Q

sex determinign region of Y chromosome

A

SRY

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17
Q

what hormone causes external appearance of penis and scrotum?

A

dihydrotestosterone

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18
Q

when is fetus bipotential?

A

<6 weeks

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19
Q

Guevedoces

A

Dominican republic - boys look like girls, only grow penis at puberty
deficient in SRD5A1 convert testosterone to DHT

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20
Q

guevedoces - prostate

A

small, led to development of 5alpha reductaseinhibitor finasteride - mimic lack of DHT

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21
Q

wolffian duct and mullerian duct - male and female

A

female - mullerian

male - wolffian

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22
Q

what hormone do sertoli cells secrete?

A

AMH

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23
Q

what does AMH do?

A

leydig cells differentiate and produce testosterone

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24
Q

paramesonephric ducts - males of females?

A

females

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25
hypospadias by what week?
14
26
what is required to support leydig cells?
hCG and LH
27
masculinisation programming window in humans
week 7-14
28
cryptochordism
testes fail to descend | uncorrected = infertility
29
fetal hormones for female germ cell humbers
E2, FSG, inhibin/activin
30
primordial follicles formed by when?
28 weeks
31
what % ovarian reserve at 35 years?
5
32
surge centre - what is it?
inducing LH surge for ovulation
33
surge centre - males and females
females - oestrogen and alpha FP no allowed into BBB | male - no development as testosterone makes E2 in brain
34
3 parts which make seminal fluid
bulbourethral glands prostate seminal vesicle
35
how long spermatozoa in epididymis?
15 days
36
feedback control in men
GnRH pulsatile LH pulsatile T pulsatile
37
androgen targets in men
CNS, penis, muscle, prostate, testis, hair, voice
38
hypogonadism - features and causes
``` low sex drive and sperm count loss of body hair diminished muscle mass primary = testis secondary = pituitary gland ```
39
inhibin B in men
secreted by sertoli cells
40
briefly explain reproduction in women
ovarian phase - follicular and luteal - LH peak ovulation progesterone high luteal uterus - proliferative and secretory
41
LH function women
maintain dominant follcile
42
FSH function women
follicular recruitment
43
what do granulosa cells secrete?
oestradiol and inhibin B
44
oestradiol and inhibin B female
oestradiol - support 2 sexual characteristics, negative feedback except late follicular phase inhibin B - negative feedback FSH
45
2 things CL secretes
inhibin A | progesterone
46
inhibin A and progesterone function
``` A = negative feedback HPO pro = maintain endometrium ```
47
oestradiol production - cells needed and what happens?
theca cells and granulosa cells theca cells convert cholesterol to androgen through BM to granulosa cells CYP19A1 turn andorgen into oestradiol
48
when do theca cells appear?
secondary follicle
49
when does FSH become essential?
day 2-16 | 2mm
50
oestrogen targets women
breast, fat, CNS, bone
51
what hormones rise with menopause?
LH and FSH
52
3 types of androgen insensitivity syndrome
CAIS, PAIS, MAIS | complete, partial, mild
53
AIS in males XY
inactivating mutation of androgen receptor sertoli cells synthesise AMH no uterus, open ended vagina
54
Kleinfelters syndrome
XXY | long legs, gynaecomastia, testosterone deficiency, small testes, sparse facial hair
55
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
enzyme deficiencies steroidogenesis | 21OH deficiency
56
21OH deficiency
elevated androgens salt wasting simple viriling excess male hormones
57
mutations of gonadotrophin receptors
activating - increase activity of LH/FSH inactivating - decrease activity polymorphisms
58
why are gonadotrophin receptors important?
functional importance of hormone and its receptor
59
Human FSHR mutations
activating - male inactivating - various forms, mild to severe impairment of spermatogenesis 1 polymorphism
60
FSHR mutations women
ovarian failure with amenorrhoea and infertility
61
Human LHCGR mutations
activating - premature activation leydig cell inactivating - mild undervirilisaion, lack of masculinisation females - FSH more important
62
LuRKO mouse - females
follicular maturation til antral never ovulate LH also needed for final follicular maturation
63
LuRKO mouse - male
similar until 2 weeks PN devoid of mature leydig cells thin seminiferous tubules

Advanced molecules, membranes and cells (20 decks)

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