New family forms Flashcards
Structure of families is…
examples
- Gender of parents
- Biological link to families
- Planned nature of families
- Sexual orientation of families
Functioning of families is…
examples
- Parent-child relationships
- Gender development
- Bullying
- Adjustment
problem with family research
who & what? (5)
Lamb (2012)
a) Heterosexual
b) Biologically related
c) Spontaneously conceived
d) Cohabiting families
e) Mother as the primary caregiver
* ** but neuro c & eco c = importance of family
implications in the UK of LGBT
3
Office for national statistics, (2015)
1) huge numbers of same sex parents: 8,000 in 2011 & 2,317 new LGBT adoptions in GB in 2015- 2016.
2) 2015 - 2% & 2014 - 1.5%
implications in the USA of LGBT
Gates (2013)
- Marriage and parenting rights vary state to state
- LGBT women more likely to be raising a child than LGBT men
- Same-sex couples 4X more likely to be raising an adopted child.
Function over Structure for child’s well-being: Father & mother relationships (2)
1) Lamb & Lewis (2010)
- despite gender roles, infants typically become attached to both parents at about the same age (sensitivity influence attachments)
2) Farr & Patterson (2013)
- task specialisation not related to adjustment
- found indirectly, that satisfaction of division was the influencer
Function over Structure for child’s well-being: Adult – adult relationships (2)
1) Cummings & Davies (2010)
- Marital conflict – associated with maladjustment
2) Amato & Cheadle (2002)
- not just biological children that are affected by marital conflict, adopted children are too
Function over Structure for child’s well-being: Economic and social resources (3)
1) Goldberg et al. (2014):
- more educational opportunities
- when married - more £ & can choose where to live
2) Rosenfeld (2010)
- children with highest grade ret - heterosexual
BUT
Manning et al. (2014)
- no control for SES
- their sample had lower income & education than normally
- their heterosexual couples were ethnically advantaged too (only 22% vs 42% of gay)
3) - Potter (2012) found no differences when SES was accounted for
Function over Structure for child’s well-being: Single parent families & children’s adjustment (1 & factors )
Amato & Dorius, 2010
- review of large scale studies
- vast majority of those living apart from one of their parents are still well adjusted
**one parent families may have issues with adjustment (desforges, 2003) **
BUT
no direct link concluded, may be due to
a) disturbed fam relationships with one or more parents && conflict (Fabricius et al. (2010)
b) limited resources Biblarz & Gottainer, 2000)
c) Unstable living arrangements & community ties (Carlson & Cocoran, 2001)
Function over Structure for child’s well-being: Does gender of the parent change their dynamics?
E.G. play…
1) Freeman, (2007)
- some types of play are seen as more appropriate than others
BUT
2) Morris et al. (2013)
- more egalitarian parents have less gender type expectancies for parenting (less social role)
AND
3) No evidence to suggest that these differences affect the child’s adjustment in anyway (Lamb,2012)
Function over Structure for child’s well-being: Children with gay & lesbian parents (3)
Farr (2016):
- longitudinal adopted
- no outcome varied with sexual orientation
BUT
- Adopted children had significantly more behaviour problems in middle childhood
BUT
this is consistent w other adoption studies - other contexts i.e. peers (Boss, 2002)
2) Wainright, (2004)
- no differences between orientation
- but didnt ask specification of lesbianism
3) Bos et al. (2014)
- same results
- asked beforehand
Worst study in the history of LGBT work
Regnerus (2012)
- concluded LGBT were at risk for all sorts
BUT
- merged LBGT categories
- “sample size”
- the reviewer was a writer ………….
Bullying & LGBT
Kosciw & Diaz (2008) - is in the community - class offers some protection Vanfraussen et al. (2002) - its not whether theyre bullied, its what theyre bullied about
