atypical development

Question 1

what are developmental disorders?

Answer 1

1) Disorder of development that effects learning, communication, motor skills or behaviour
2) Characterised by a particular cognitive profile or pattern of behaviour
* **THEY ARE NOT JUST A DELAY IN NORMAL DEVLEOPMENT they are life long

Question 2

pros & cons of labeling

Answer 2

Pros:
- Motivation to overcome
- If undefined = challenge to development
- Undefined may lead to a lack of specialised support
Cons:
- Self- fulfilling prophecy
- Errors in diagnosis

Question 3

against the phonological deficit theory of dyslexia (2)

Answer 3

Castle & friedmann (2014)

• Dahaene (2009) implies three things:
  1) one type of dyslexia- surface dyslexia
  2) all dyslexics have phono impairment - wrong - based on white et al. (2006) - visual stress (Wilkins et al. 2004) but not a theory per se & can occur in non dyslexics (Singleton, 2005)
  3) phonological impairments cause dyslexia

Question 4

against the phonological deficit theory of dyslexia - phonological defs are the cause
- 3 other factors

Answer 4

a) motor impairments - Rochelle & Talcott (2006) no control of ADHD–> Brookes et al. (2010) still effect BUT Ramus (2003) not as big as phono defs
b) auditory deficits: training improves (Kujala et al. 2001) BUT placebo effect
BUT only a fraction of dyslexics have this auditory deficit && no reliable relationship between auditory tasks and reading ability – even longitudinally (Share et al. 2002)
c) visual deficits: orthographic inputs may moderate (Vidyasagar & Pammer, 2010)

Question 5

for the phonological deficit hypothesis of dyslexia

Answer 5

1) dehaene (2009)
2) Snowling (1998)
- . According to this view, dyslexic individuals of all ages display phonological processing problems.
- No consideration of other factors

Question 6

Double deficit hypothesis of dyslexia

who & what?

Answer 6

Wolf & Bowers (1999)

Reading impairment caused by deficit in PHONOLOGY AND/OR NAMING SPEED

Question 7

evaluation of double deficit - Naming speed & phonological awareness in orthographic consistent languages

Answer 7

in ENGLISH:
Kirby et al. (2003): double impairment - longitudinal
Norton et al. (2015) “ neuroimaging

BUT 
in orthographically consistent languages...
Wimmer et al. (2000): no deficits in PA in German only in RN
vs 
Papadopoulos et al. (2009)
- no diff between 2 
BUT 
- used diff ages 

BUT - recently
(McBride-Chang et al. 2012)
- both chinese & english impaired on PA & RN
- others didnt account for morphology

Question 8

Specific language impairment (SLI)

what??

Answer 8

• Can be impaired in different types of language: comprehension, production
• Independent of non-verbal IQ, should have no hearing impairment, oral anatomical difficulty
• heterogeneous results

Question 9

genetic component of SLI

Answer 9

Bishop et al. (1995): mono: 86% & Diz 48%

Question 10

What is the underlying cognitive deficit of SLI?
- Phonological memory deficit theory
WHAT & WHO

Answer 10

Gathercole & Baddeley (1990)

Deficit in the phonological storage in WM may underpin the poor memory performance in SLI

Question 11

Phonological memory deficit theory in SLI - against

Answer 11

Archibald & Gathercole (2007)
- scored worse on nonword task recall = not just STM
a) speech-motor gestures affected by the repetition of multisyllabic nonwords relative to a sequence of simple syllable forms
Vance et al. (2005)
ALSO
SLI isnt all the same
Conti-Ramsden, Crutchley & Botting (1997)

Question 12

Procedural deficit hypothesis for SLI

what & who

Answer 12

Ullman & Pierpoint, 2005

• abnormal development in the procedural memory system
• system = brocas area & basal ganglia (caudate nucleus)

Question 13

Support for Procedural deficit hypothesis

• metanalysis
• neurobio

Answer 13

Rechetnikov & Maitra (2009)
- comorbidity of language difficulties & motor impairment

Meister et al. (2003) - TMS

• hand was excited when reading aloud
• specific functional connection between motor & language network

Question 14

Is there a genetic component to motor & language development? (2)

Answer 14

Bishop (2002) - twin study

Reader (2014) - GWAS review

Question 15

Is there a social learning component to motor- language association? (2)

Answer 15

Iverson (2010):
- motor help acq of language
Language & play –> Orr & Geva (2014) / Smith & Jones (2011)

Question 16

Specific Language Impairment – Not So Specific - recap (4)

Answer 16

• motor impairments & lang
• shared genetic variation
• networks in social learning
• comorbid with other impairments

Question 17

Comorbidity of dyslexia & SLI (3)

Answer 17

Margari #et al. (2013): expected 
1) Catts (2005)
- best left as 2 disorders
- continually distributed
2) Hulme & Snowling (2016)
- direct comps are sparse bc SLI diagnosis is preschool (speaking) & dyslexia is later (reading)
3) Snowling et al.(2015)
Longitudinal study - found late emerging SLI = risk factor for @ risk dyslexia