New Directions in Thoughts and Culture in the 16th and 17th c.

Question 1

Isaac Newton

Answer 1

1. Principia Mathematica
2. Universal Gravitation
3. Laws of Motion
4. Empiricism: conclusion based on evidence and data

Question 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 2

1. on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

2. heliocentrism

Question 3

Tycho Brahe

Answer 3

1. last naked-eye astronomer
2. astronomical data
3. heliocentrism and geocentrism

Question 4

Johannes Kepler

Answer 4

1. new astronomy

2. eliptical orbitals

Question 5

Galileo Galilei

Answer 5

1. improve telescope
2. 4 moons of jupiter
3. proved copernicism
4. starry messenger
5. math mathematical law
6. letter on sun spot

Question 6

Francis Bacon

Answer 6

1. father of empiricism
2. scientific method “inductive reasoning”
3. novum organum: encourage others to seek new things
4. men of experiment and dogmas

Question 7

Rene Descartes

Answer 7

1. discourse on methods
2. deductive reasoning: i think, therefore, i am
3. dualism: material and thinking doesn’t mix

Question 8

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 8

1. Leviathan: social contract

Question 9

John Locke

Answer 9

1. two treatises of government: life, liberty, property; right to rebel against gov if needs aren’t met
2. letter concerning toleration
3. essay concerning human understanding: tabbula rasa

Question 10

Scientific Revolution

Answer 10

1. process which established the new view of the universe
2. new way of thinking of old knowledge
   main study is Astronomy

Question 11

Margaret Cavendish

Answer 11

1. observation upon experimental philosophy

2. ground of natural philosophy

Question 12

Witch-Hunts

Answer 12

1. attacked women usually 40s, widow, cunning folks (healers)
2. malefice: meetings
3. why: someone need to be at fault; superstitions
4. end: new science; too out of control

Question 13

Blaise Pascal

Answer 13

1. pensees: there’s a loving god; mankind is unworthy of god

2. pascals wager: better to believe in god in case god exist