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BIO 111 > New Deck for Exam 4: Chandra > Flashcards

New Deck for Exam 4: Chandra Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the centromere?

A

-point of constriction

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2
Q

kinetochore?

A

-attachment site for microtubules

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3
Q

how to chromatids stay attached at centromere?

A

cohesin

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4
Q

interphase includes what?

A

G1, S, G2

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5
Q

what are the check points in the cell cycle?

A

G1/ S checkpoint: Cell decides to divide, primary point for external cell influence
G2/S checkpoint: cell makes comiment to mitosis, make sure DNA replicated properly
Late metaphase: cell makes sure all chromosomes are attached to spindle

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6
Q

What are the irreversible points in the cell cycle?

A
  • after synthesis or DNA replication
  • separation of sister chromatids
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7
Q

How do bacteria divide and what are the three facts associated with bacterial division?

A
  • bacteria cells divide by binary fission
    1. Singular circular chromosome
    2. replication is clonal
    3. there is no sexual life cycle
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8
Q

chromosomes are made up of?

A
  • 60 precent protein, 40 precent chromatin
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9
Q

What is the process of binary fission

A
  • starts at orgin of replication
  • procceeds biodirectionally to site of termination
  • septum forms to divide cell into two, FTZ protein makes the rings that seperates the bacteria
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10
Q

In the NONDIVIDING NUCLEUS
compare heterochromatin and euchromatin

A

heterochromatin: chromatin packed tightly, not expressed
euchromatin: expressed, not packed tight, when work happens

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11
Q

what is the best way to store DNA

A

nucelosome

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12
Q

what is the nucelosome and histone?

A
  • complex of DNA and histone proteins, promote and guide coiling of DNA
  • histone is + charged , attracted to - phosphate group in dna
    -DNA duplex coiledaround 8 histone proteins every 147 base pairs
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13
Q

solenoids?

A

nucelosomes wrapped into higer ordered coils, usual state of nondividing chromatin

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14
Q

how is chromatin in solenoid arranged?

A

arranged around scaffold of protein for maximum compaction in mitosis, looping is aided by CONDENSIN PROTEIN

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15
Q

What are the levels of chromosome organization?

A
  1. starts as DNA double helix, then solenoid
  2. chromatin loop, looks like magnet C shape
  3. chromatin loop, looks like flowers coiled around scaffold
  4. chromosomes in the form of idenical sis chromatin, only occurs when cells are about to divide
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16
Q

prior and after replication:

A

prior: each chromosome is composed of a single dna molecule
after: each chromsomes is comp[osed of two idenical DNA molecules
visable as to chromosome as they become more condensed
-held together by cohesion pro.

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17
Q

Order of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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18
Q

order of cell cycle?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
  4. M
  5. Cytokenesis
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19
Q

What happens in G1

A

primary growth phase, longest phase

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20
Q

what happens in S

A

Dna replication

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21
Q

what happens in G2

A

organelles replicate, microtubles organise, use motor pro. to coil tightly, chromatids stay attached at centromere by cohesin pro., centromeres replicate

22
Q

cytokensis

A

seperation of 2 new cells

23
Q

kinetochore:

A

attachement site for microtubles

24
Q

cytokenesis vs kinetochore

A
25
Q

congression?

A

chromosomes move to center of cell

26
Q

aster?

A

array of microtubles

27
Q

sexual life cycle

A

made up of meiosis and fertilization

28
Q

diploid cell

A

humans are diploids, somatic cells of adults have 2 sets of chromosomes

29
Q

haploid cell

A

gametes only have one set of chromosomes untill fertlized with sperm

30
Q

crossing over?

A

allows homologous to exchange coromosomal material

31
Q

chiasmata?

A

site of homologous crossing over, 2-3 crossing over per chromosome

32
Q

1st meiotic division is called what

A

reduction division

33
Q

is there DNA replication BETWEEN MEIOTIC DIVISIONS

A

NO

34
Q

2nd meiotic division does not…?

A

further reduce the number of chromosomes

35
Q

meiosis 1 and 2 phases:

A
  1. prophase 1
    2.metaphase 1
  2. anaphase 1
  3. telophase 1
  4. prophase 2
  5. metaphase 2
  6. anaphase 2
  7. telophase 2
36
Q

what are the final products of meiosis 2?

A
  • 4 cells containing haploid sets
  • in animals, gamete is develped
37
Q

synapsis?

A

during early prophase 1..

  1. homologous become closely associated
  2. includes formation of synaptonemay complexes
38
Q

what happens in prophase 1 of MEIOSIS

A
  • spindle forms
  • chromosomes coil tighter
    -crossing over occurs
  • each chromosome made up of 2 sis chromatids
  • remain attached to chisamata
39
Q

what happens in metaphase 1 of MEIOSIS

A
  • chiasmata holds homologous together after crossing over
    -microtubules from each pole attach to each homologue
    -homologues are lined in the middle
40
Q

what happens in anaphase 1 of MEIOSIS

A
  • microtubles of spindle shorten
  • chiasmata breaks
    homolouges are seperated from each other and moved to opposite ends of poles
  • each pole has a complete hapolid (23) set of chromosomes
41
Q

what happens in telophase 1 of MEIOSIS

A
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • sister chromatids are no longer identical
  • cytokinesis may/may not occur after telophase 1
42
Q

what are the steps of meiosis 2?

A
43
Q

nondisjunction?

A

faliure of chromosomes to move to oppositve poles nuring meiotic division

44
Q

aneuploid gametes

A

gametes with missing or extra chromosomes, causeif miscarrage

45
Q

cyclin dependent kinase

A
  • enzyme that phosphlorates protiens.
    -primary mechinism of cell cycle control
    -partner with different cyclins during different parts of cell cycle
    -CDK controlled by phosphloration
46
Q

what do growth factors do?

A

override cellular control that can inhibit cell division
trigger intercellular signaling systems

47
Q

genes that commonly cause cancer

A
  1. proto-oncogene
    - normal cell gene that becomes mutated
  2. tumor supressor genes
    - messes up with P53 that moniters if DNA is made how it should be
    -generally haults cell division and repairs enzymes if damage to dna
    - absent in cancer genes
48
Q

what is the product of meiosis 1

A

2 daughter cells with one homologue from each chromosome pair

49
Q

what is the product of meiosis 2

A

does not farther reduce the number of chromosomes, but separates daughter cells to create 4?

50
Q

what is special to prophase 1 in meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes pair snypasus and crossing over occur

51
Q

meiosis vs mitosis in metaphase 1:

A

meiosis: paired homologous chromosomes align on metaphase plate
mitosis: individual homologues allign on metaphase plate

52
Q
A

BIO 111 (12 decks)

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