Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 111 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

carbon in biology

A

the framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to:
* another carbon
* O, N, S, P, and H
can form 4 covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hydrocarbons

A
  • molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
  • HYDROCARBONS ARE NONPOLAR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Isomers and the 2 types

A
  • molecules with the same molecular/empirical formula (which means that they have the same # of atoms)
    1. structural isomers
    2. stereoisomers: differ in how groups are attached
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror image molecules = chiral
example: D-sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define polymer

A

built by linking monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define monomer

A

small, similar chemical subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

monomer for carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

monomer for nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

monomer for protein

A

amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dehydration synthesis

A
  • formation of large molecules by the removal of water
  • monomers are joined to form polymers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hydrolysis

A
  • breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water
  • polymers are broken down to monomers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O
  • CH2O
  • C-H hold much energy
  • Carbs are good energy storage
  • example: sugars, starch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • simplest carbohydrate
  • 6 carbon sugars are important
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

glucose

A

C6H12O6
* fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
* galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
  • used for sugar transport or energy storage
  • sucrose, lactose, maltose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • long chains of monosaccharides (linked thru dehydration synthesis)
  • energy storage (plants use starch)
  • structural support (plants use cellulose)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nucleic acids

name polymer and monomer

A

polymer: nucleic acids
monomers: nucleotides
* nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nitrogenous bases include:

A

purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine and uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A
  • encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins
  • base-pairing rules:
    A with T (or U in RNA)
    C with G
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define double helix

A

2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
- primary energy currency of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A
  • single polynucleotide strand
  • RNA uses info in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA
* contains deoxyribose
* contains thymine
* double stranded sugar phosphate
RNA
* contains ribose
* contains uracil
* sigle stranded sugar phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NAD+ and FAD+

A
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • flavin adenine dinucleotide
  • electron carriers for many cellular rxns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the 7 protein functions:

A
  1. enzyme catalysis
  2. defense
  3. transport
  4. support
  5. motion
  6. regulation
  7. storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

protein

A
  • proteins are polymers
  • composed of 1 or more long, unbranched chains
  • amino acids are monomers
  • amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis
  • peptide bond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

1st and 2nd levels of protein structure

A

shape of protein = its function
1. primary: sequence of AA
2. secondary: interaction of groups in the peptide backbone
* alpha helix
* beta helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3rd and 4th levels of protein structure

A
  1. tertiary: final folded shape of a globular protein
    - stabilized by a number of forces
    - final level of structure IF protein only consists of a single polypeptide chain
  2. quaternary: arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

motifs

additional structural characteristics

A
  • common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides
  • useful in determining the function of unknown proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

domains

additional structural characteristics

A
  • functional units within a larger structure
  • most proteins made of multiple domains that perform different parts of the protein’s function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

chaperone proteins

A
  • chaperone proteins help protein fold correctly
  • deficiencies in chaperone proteins implicated in certain diseases
  • cystic fibrosis (protein fails to fold)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define matter

A
  • matter has mass and occupies space
  • all matter is composed of atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

atomic structure

A

atoms are composed of:
Protons: (+) located in the nucleus
Neutrons: neutral charge, located in the nucleus
Electrons: (-) located in orbitals surrounding the nucleus

32
Q

atomic number

A

atomic number = number of protons
number of protons = number of electrons

33
Q

define element

A

any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemcial means

34
Q

mass vs weight

A

mass: refers to the amount of substance
weight: refers to force gravity exerts on substance

35
Q

atomic mass

A

atomic mass = sum of protons and neutrons
* each proton and neutron has a mass of 1 dalton

36
Q

ions

A

charged particles, means that they are unbalanced
N3-

37
Q

cation

A

(+ charge), more protons than electrons

38
Q

anion

A

(- charge), more electrons than protons

39
Q

isotopes

A
  • atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons
  • radioactive isotopes are unstable and emit radiaion as the nucleus breaks up
  • Half-life: time it takes for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay
40
Q

electron arrangement

A
  • chemical behavior is due to the number and arrangemnet of its electrons
  • Bohr: electrons in discrete orbitals
    no orbital can contain more than 2 electrons
41
Q

electron energy trends

A

electrons farther from the nucleus have more energy

42
Q

redox

A

in some rxns, electrons can be transferred from one atom to another

43
Q

oxidation

A

loss of an electron

44
Q

reduction

A

gain of an electron

OIL RIG

45
Q

valence electrons

A

number of electrons in outermost energy level

46
Q

define inert

A

(nonreactive) elements have all eight electrons

47
Q

define molecules

A

groups of atoms held together in a stable association

48
Q

define compounds

A

are molecules containing more than one type of element

49
Q

ionic bonding

A
  • formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions
  • gain or loss of electrons forms ions Na+
  • electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt the forces that hold ions together
50
Q

covalent bonding

A

when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons

51
Q

electronegativity

A
  • atoms affinity for electrons
  • most electronegative element is F
  • nonpolar covalent bonds = equal sharing of electrons
  • polar covalent bonds = unequal sharing of electrons

the more electronegative atom wants the electrons more

52
Q

chemical rxn

A

involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
reactants = orginal molecules
products = molecules resulitng from rxn

53
Q

3 things that influence chemical rxns

A
  1. temperature
  2. concentration of reactants and products
  3. catalysts
54
Q

polarity of water

A
  • within the water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar
  • O is much more electronegative than H
  • partial electrical charges develop
  • Oxygen is partially negative δ-
  • Hydrogen is partially positive δ+
55
Q

cohesion

A

polarity of water allows water molecules to be atteached to one another
(water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds)

56
Q

adhesion

A

water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

57
Q

6 properties of water

A
  1. water has a high specifc heat
  2. water has a high heat of vaporization
  3. solid water is less dense than liquid water
  4. water is a good solvent
  5. water organizes nonpolar molecules
  6. water can form ions
58
Q

pH

A

pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution

59
Q

define acid

A
  • any substance that dissociates in water to increase the [H+] and lower pH
  • the stronger the acid the more hydrogen ions it produces
60
Q

define base

A
  • any substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water, and thus lowers the [H+]
61
Q

Buffers

A
  • a substance that resists changes in pH
  • they release hydrogen ions when a base is added
  • absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added
62
Q

7 characteristics of all living organisms

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment
  4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
63
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative educated guess

64
Q

theory

A

description of the world that covers a relatively large number of phenomena and has met many observations and experimental test

65
Q

“law of nature”

A

an overarching statement of how the universe works

66
Q

scientific method

A
  1. Make an observation/identify a pattern
  2. Create a hypothesis
  3. Device an experiment to test the prediction of the hypothesis
  4. Test the prediction by running the experiment
  5. Evaluate the results of the experiment against your hypothesis
    6.Repeat
67
Q

deductive and inductive reasoning

A
  • Deductive reasoning uses general principles to make specific predictions
  • Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
68
Q

define reductionism (philosophical approach)

A

to break a complex process down into its simpler parts

69
Q

define systems biology (philosophical approach)

A

focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

70
Q

cell theory

A
  • All organisms composed of cells
  • Cells are basic units of life
  • All cells come from preexisting cells
71
Q

define gene

A

discrete unit of information

72
Q

genome

A

entire set of DNA instructions

73
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryote

74
Q

archaea

A

single-celled prokaryote

75
Q

eukarya

A

single-celled or multicelled eukaryote

76
Q

evolutionary conservation

A

all organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 billion years aog

77
Q

nonequilibrium state

A
  • living systems are open systems
  • constant supply of energy needed
78
Q

Darwin and Evolution Book

A

on the origin of species by means of natural selection

BIO 111 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions