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BIO 111 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of all living organisms?

A
  1. composed of cells
  2. complex and ordered
  3. respond to their environment
  4. can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. obtain and use energy
  6. maintain internal balance
  7. allow for evolutionary adaptation
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2
Q

what are the levels of cells, organisms, and populations that a biologist can study?

A

cells
atoms –> molecule –> macromolecule –> organelle –> cell
organisms
tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism
populations
population –> species –> community –> ecosystem –> biosphere

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3
Q

explain the scientific method and its components

A
  • observation
  • hypothesis formation
  • prediction
  • experimentation
  • conclusion
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4
Q

properties of water

A
  1. water has a high specific heat
  2. water has a high heat of vaporization
  3. solid water is less dense than liquid water
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5
Q

define isotopes

A
  • atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons
  • radioactive isotopes are unstable and emit radiation as the nucleus breaks up
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6
Q

define isomers

A

two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

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7
Q

define dehydrogenation

A

a hydrogen atom is lost (1 electron, 1 proton)

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8
Q

aerobic respiration

A

final electron receptor is oxygen
C6H12O6+ 6O2 –> 6CO2+6H2O

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9
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule (not O2)

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10
Q

fermentation

A

final electron acceptor is an organic molecule

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11
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2+ 12H2O –> C6H12O6+ 6H2O +6O2

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12
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by:

A
  • cyanobacteria
  • 7 groups of algae
  • all land plants - cholorplasts
  • only 1% of the solar energy that reaches the earth is captured by photosynthesis
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13
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle

A
  1. G1 (gap phase 1)
    - primary growth phase, longest phase
  2. S (synthesis)
    - replication of DNA
  3. G2 (gap phase 2)
    - organelles replicate, microtubules organize
  4. M (mitosis)
    - subdivided into 5 phases
  5. C (cytokenesis)
    - separation of 2 new cells

interphase is steps 1-3

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14
Q

parts of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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15
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A
  • cleavage of the cell into equal halves
  • animal cells – constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow
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16
Q

meiosis division

A

meiotic cells have an interphase similar to mitosis. After interphase, germ-line cells enter meiosis 1.

prophase 1 & 2
metaphase 1 & 2
anaphase 1 & 2
telophase 1 & 2

17
Q

mendel’s experimental method

A
  1. produce true-breeding strains for each trait
  2. cross-fertilize true-breeding strains having alternate forms of a trait
  3. allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize for several generations and count the number of offspring showing each form of the trait

usually 3 stages

18
Q

F1 generation

A
  • first filial generation
  • offspring produced by crossing 2 true-breeding strains
  • for every trait mendel studied, all F1 plants resembled only 1 parent
    • referred to this trait as dominant
    • alternative trait was recessive
19
Q

F2 generation

A
  • second filial generation
  • offspring resulting from the self-fertilization of F1 plants
  • although hidden in the F1 generation, the recessive trait had reappeared amoong the some F2 individuals
  • Always found to be 3:1 ratio
20
Q

principle of segregation

A
  • “mendel’s first law of heredity”
  • 2 alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random, 1 from each parent, during fertilization
  • physical basis for allele segregation is the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis
  • mendel didn’t know abt chromosomes or meiosis
21
Q

dihybrid crosses

A
  • examination of 2 separate traits in a single cross
  • mendel produced true-breeding lines for 2 traits
  • the F1 generation of a dihybrid cross shows only the dominant phenotypes for each trait
  • allow F1 to self-fertilize to produce F2
22
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

more than one gene can affect a single trait
(ex. 4 genes are involved in determining eye color)

23
Q

pleiotropy

A

a single gene can affect more than one trait
(ex. cystic fibrosis)

24
Q

phosphodiester bond

A
  • bond between adjacent nucleotides
  • formed between the phosphate group of 1 nucleotide and the 3’ OH of the next nucleotide
  • the chain of nucleotides has a 5’ to 3’ orientation
25
Q

central dogma

A
  • francis crick
  • information only flows from:
    DNA –> RNA –> protein
  • transcription = DNA –> RNA
  • translation: RNA –> protein
  • retroviruses violate this order using reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into DNA (ex. HIV)
26
Q

gel electrophoresis

A
  • separate DNA fragments by size
  • submersed in buffer that can carry current
  • negatively-charged DNA migrates towards the positive pole
  • larger fragments move slower, smaller move faster
27
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A
  • allows the amplification of a small DNA fragment using primers that flank the region

Each PCR cycle involves three steps:
1. denaturation (high temperature)
2. annealing of primers (low temperature)
3. DNA synthesis (intermediate temperature)

28
Q

quantitative RT-PCR

A
  • reverse transcription quantitative PCR involves isolating mRNA, converting to cDNA using RT, then using PCR to amplify specific cDNAs
  • amount of DNA produced can be measured in real time by the PCR machine
  • can be found with DNA-binding dyes and probes
29
Q

genetic engineering

A
  • expressions vectors contain the sequences necessary to express inserted DNA in a specific cell type
  • transgenic animals contain genes that have been inserted without the use of conventional breeding
    (mouse eyeless gene worked to organize eye formation in Drosophila
30
Q

CRISPR/Cas9 system

A
  • a guide RNA targets Cas9 to a gene that matches the guide RNA sequence
  • Cas9 can cut the DNA with which it is associated
  • DNA can be repaired: double-stranded DNA containing a mutation can be provided to replace normal gene sequence
  • Cas9 can also be targeted to activate or repress gene expression
31
Q

gene therapy

A
  • adding a functional copy of a gene to correct a hereditary disorder
  • severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) illustrates both the potential and the problems
    (15 treated successfully, 3 developed leukemia)
32
Q

knockout and transgenic organisms

A
  • transgenic organisms are all or part transformed cells
  • ADD MORE HERE
33
Q

unifying themes in biology

cell theory

A
  • all organisms are composed of cells
  • cells are life’s basic units
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
34
Q

unifying themes in biology

molecular basis of inheritance

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s info
  • gene: discrete unit of info
  • genome: entire set of DNA instructions
  • continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells
35
Q

what are the four components of the cellular membrane?

A

1.phospholipid bilayer
2.interior protein network
3.transmembrane proteins
4.cell surface markers.

36
Q

define symporters and antiporters

A

symporters: a membrane transport protein that facilitates the movement of two different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction.
antiporters: ^ different directions

BIO 111 (12 decks)

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