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Immune System DrBeen > Neutrophils 2 > Flashcards

Neutrophils 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tissue breakdown products that shrink the endothelial cells and make the venules more permeable?

A

Histamine, thrombin, leukotrienes and bradykinins

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2
Q

What is the difference between selectins and integrins in regards to neutrophils?

A

Selectins slow down neutrophils

Integrins stop neutrophils

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3
Q

When the venule is more permeable because the endothelial cells have shrunk what happens next?

A
  • Fluids and proteins flow into the tissue
  • This reduces the fluid in the vessel
  • Oncotic pressure increases in the tissue which causes more fluid to flow out -→ Tissue swells and becomes red and painful (arachidonic acid)
  • Flow of blood reduces (stasis)
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4
Q

What are Weible Palade Bodies and what do they contain?

A

Vesicles in endothelial cells

  • P- Selectins
  • vWF
  • IL-8 (chemotactic factor)
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5
Q

What are Selectins?

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins that bind to sugar moieties and thus are considered to be a type of lectin

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6
Q

What happens when P-selectins are activated by histamine or thrombine?

A

It moves from the inside of an endothelial cell to the cell surface

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7
Q

What is the function of a P-selectin?

A

It functions as a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) on the inner surface of an endothelial cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the L-selectin on the surface of a neutrophil and the P-selectin on the endothelial cell?

A

The L-selectin binds to the P-selectin and slows the neutrophil down

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9
Q

What selectins show up on the surface of the endothelial cell after it is stimulated with IL-1 and TNF from macrophages?

A

L-selectins and E-selectins (they slow the neutrophils down)

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10
Q

When integrins are present on neutrophils are they called Cell Adhesion Molecules?

A

No. When they are attached to endothelial cells they are called CAMs. Same function though.

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11
Q

ICAM-1 is what?

A

Inter/intra cellular Adhesion Molecule

It’s an integrin

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12
Q

Difference between glycoprotein and proteoglycan

A

Whichever word comes later is the majority component

  • Glycoprotein
    • Glyco = small amount
    • Protein = large amount
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13
Q

VCAM-1 is what?

A

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule

It’s an integrin

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14
Q

What are the 2 integrins on the surface of the neutrophil?

A

CD11 and CD18

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15
Q

What is LFA-1 and what is its function?

A

Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1) is an integrin found on leukocytes. It plays a role in emigration which is when leukocytes leave the bloodstream.

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16
Q

In general, what effect do selectins and integrins have on the neutrophil in the blood stream?

A

Selectins: Slow neutrophil down

Integrins: Stop Neutrophil

17
Q

What does CD-31 do to the neutrophil in the bloodstream?

A

CD-31 on endothelial cells “shakes hands” with CD-31 on neutrophil and begins to move it across the basement membrane toward the tissue (transmigration)

  • All endothelium have CD-31
18
Q

What happens when complement (like C5) lands on a bacteria?

A

It splits. C5a is chemotactic

19
Q

What are chemotactic factors for macrophages and neutrophils called?

A

Chemokines

  • Released by the cell
  • Chemo = chemotactic
  • Kine = cytokine
20
Q

How does a neutrophil recognize a pathogen and become activated?

A

It has Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and Toll Like Receptors (TLR): Both have to be engaged for phagocytosis to begin

  • CD-14
  • TLR2 recognizes gram positive bacteria, fungi and many other pathogens
  • TLR4 (recognizes the LPS on surface of gram negative bactera)
21
Q

What other ways can a neutrophil (or a macrophage) be activated besides TLR4 and CD-14?

A

It has receptors for opsonins

  • Receptor for IgG (the Fc portion called FcgammaIR)
  • Receptor for MBL (called C1q)
  • Receptor for C3b (called CR1 and 3)

(The pathogens get coated by the IgG, MBL and C3b which makes the bacteria tasty to the neutrophil)

22
Q

What is the neutrophil receptor for MBL called?

A

C1q

23
Q

What are the complement receptors on neutrophils called?

A

CR1/CR3

(Complement Receptor)

24
Q

What are the IgG receptors on neutrophils called?

A

Fc gamma IR

25
Q

What 2 components does the neutrophil use to directly recognize the pathogen?

A

TLR 2/4 in conjunction with CD14

26
Q

What are 3 ways that pathogens are indirectly recognized by the neutrophil

A

Opsonization (C3b), IgG and MBL

27
Q

Neutrophils can kill bacteria via what 2 pathways?

A
  • ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)
    • Using O2 (Oxygen dependent)
  • Digestive Enzymes
    • Without using O2 (Oxygen independent)
28
Q

Neutrophils have an enzyme called NADPH Oxidase. What does it do?

A

It uses the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt to turn two O2 molecules into O2- (superoxide) which then attacks bacteria (or anything else in its path)

(This happens in macrophages as well)

29
Q

Neutrophils have an enzyme called Superoxide Dismutase. What does it do?

A

It creates Hydrogen Peroxide which digests bacterial components

(O2- + 2H+ → H2O2)

(This process also happens in macrophages)

30
Q

If a neutrophil has myeloperoxidase and it picks up H2O2 + Cl- (or some other halogenating ion), what will it produce?

A

HOCl- + H2O

(Hydrogen chloride/hypochloride/bleach)

This is the strongest antibiotic in our body

Macrophages don’t do this (they don’t have myeloperoxidase)

31
Q

When inegrins are present on endothelial cells, what are they called?

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

32
Q

Neutrophils connect with vascular endothelial cells via what 2 main connections?

A
  • LFA1 and MAC1 connect with ICAM1
  • VLA1 connects with VCAM1
33
Q

What is it called when a neutrophil is connected with an endothelial cell and it crosses from the vascular space into the tissue?

A

Transmigration aka diapedesis

34
Q

What is the process where neutrophils project proteins into the extracellular space to kill bacteria?

A

NETs

  • Neutrophilic Extracellular Traps
  • Captures and kills bacteria in the extracellular space
35
Q

What is the most important component of a primary granule in a neutrophil?

A

Myeloperoxidase

36
Q

What is the most important component of secondary granules in neutrophils/macrophages?

A

Lactoferrins

  • They take iron (which bacteria love) and pulls them out of bacteria (which are in the phagosome)
  • This is why we get anemia of chronic disease. The body perceives that is under constant attack and it stores the iron
37
Q

What substance is in the tertiary granules of neutrophils?

A

Cathepsin and gelatinase

38
Q

What makes up the 3 mechanisms of the “killing factories” of neutrophils which degrades the pathogens?

A
  • Oxygen dependent
    • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
    • Bleach
  • Oxygen independent
    • Digestive enzymes
  • Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NET)
    • Bacteria are trapped and killed
39
Q

How does lactoferrin fight bacteria?

A

It pulls the iron out of the bacteria and it dies

Immune System DrBeen (9 decks)

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