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Immune System DrBeen > Neutrophils > Flashcards

Neutrophils Flashcards

1
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils

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2
Q

When a monocytes leaves the blood stream and moves into the tissue, what is it called?

A

A macrophage or a dendritic cell

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3
Q

Follicular dendritic cells (ones in lymph nodes that train other cells) come from where?

A

Lymphoid tissue (not monocytes)

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4
Q

What are the 3 lymph cells?

A
  • B Cells (acquired immune system)
  • T Cells (acquired immune system)
  • Natural Killer cells (go over to the innate immune system)
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5
Q

2 indicators that a cell is not healthy

A
  • Decreased MHCI
  • Proteins that should only be inside the cell appear on the outside (via a failure of Flippase?)
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6
Q

What is flippase?

A

It is an enzyme that uses ATP to keep proteins on one side of the cell surface from moving to the other side (asymmetry across the lipid bilayer)

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7
Q

Basic definition of STEM cells

A

Cells that can produce cells of other types as well as themselves

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8
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

Stem cells that can make all cells in the body

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9
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A
  • Stem cells that can make multiple cell types but not all of them
  • All of the cells in the bone marrow start from pluripotent stem cells
    • It makes myeloid and lymphoid cells
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10
Q

What are multipotent cells?

A
  • Stem cells that make multiple cells but not as many as pluripotent stem cells
  • Bone marrow example
    • Myeloid progenitor cell makes
      • Megakaryocytes
      • Erythrocytes
      • Granulocytes
      • Monocytes
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11
Q

What are oligopotent cells?

A

Stem cells which make a few other cells (not too many)

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12
Q

What are unipotent cells?

A

Stem cells that only make one other type of cell

(The stem cell making only a neutrophil {left side in picture} is a unipotent stem cell)

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13
Q

Trace the line from hemocytoblast to neutrophil

A
  • Hemocytoblast (primary stem cell for the bone marrow)
  • Myeloid progenitor (lymphoid progenitor is the other line)
  • Myeloblast
  • Pro myelocyte (not committed to make the granulocytes)
  • Myelocyte neutrophil (also a myelocyte basophil and eosinophil)
  • Metamyelocyte neutrophil (same as above)
  • Band (or stab) stage (cells almost mature)
    • A lot of bands means either active infection or cancer
  • Mature neutrophil (basophil, eosinophil)
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14
Q

What is the clinical significance of a lot of band cells in the blood?

A

A lot of bands in the periphery means that we are either making too many (cancer) or that we need them (infection?) - They are too immature to be in the periphery

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15
Q

What types of granules do neutrophils have?

A
  • Primary
    • Azurophilic
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
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16
Q

What stimulates a hemocytoblast (in the bone marrow) to make more cells?

A

IL-3 from T-cells (helper?)

17
Q

What are the different types of WBCs?

A
  • Granulocytes
    • Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
  • Agranulocytes
    • Lymphocytes
      • T cells
      • B cells
      • NK cells
    • Monocytes
      • Macrophages
18
Q

When do we need more monocytes and therefore macrophages?

A

During chronic infections

19
Q

When do we need more neutrophils?

A

During acute infections

20
Q

Where does GM-CSF (granulocyte, monocyte colony stimulating factor) and G-CSF come from?

A

Macrophage releases it to stimulate the bone marrow (specifically the myeloblasts) to produce more granulocytes and more monocytes (thus producing more neutrophils along with other cells)

21
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

The inactivated X chromosome in all of the female somatic cells (the neutrophil has a Barr body [1/100])

  • Also called the drumstick
  • If there is more than one there is a genetic problem
22
Q

What are Dohle bodies?

A

Remnants of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic inclusion seen in the neutrophil cytoplasm of unknown significance

23
Q

When CD31 on a macrophage connects with CD31 on a neutrophil what is happening?

A

The neutrophil is telling the macrophage that it is an activated, fully functioning neutrophil

24
Q

What is the macrophage’s duty in regards to the neutrophil?

A

To figure out if the neutrophil is healthy or if it’s ability to function is impaired

  • If it’s not healthy the macrophage will destroy it
25
Q

How many bacteria can a neutrophil kill before it becomes “old”?

A

4 to 20 bacteria

(it will then stop producing producing chemical mediators showing that it is healthy and will thus be killed by the macrophage)

26
Q

Normally, when a macrophage phagocytoses bacteria it will release chemical mediators into the tissue (to kill other local pathogens). What happens when it phagocytoses neutrophils?

A

It does not release chemical mediators because this is cleanup. There will be no damage to the surrounding tissue.

  • If they continued to release chemicals then inflammation would never stop
27
Q
  • How long do neutrophils normally stay in the circulation?
  • Where do they go next?
A
  • 1 to 6 hours
  • Into the tissue
    • Even if there’s no active infection that we are aware of, there are pathogens attacking us all of the time
28
Q

How long does a neutrophil stay in the tissue?

A

2 days. Shorter if actively fighting infection

29
Q

The innate immune system is divided into what 2 areas?

A

Pyogenic

  • Pus producing

Granulomatous

  • Granuloma producing
30
Q

What is pus made of?

A

Main ingredients

  • Dead neutrophils
  • Live neutrophils

Secondary ingredients

  • Tissue debris
  • Other cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dead/active pathogen
31
Q

Why is pus/phlem green sometimes?

A

Because of neutrophils. The primary granule of the neutrophil is myeloperoxidase which is green

32
Q

What are Toll Like Receptors (TLR)?

A

They are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are generally on APCs (macrophages/dendritic cells) that detect pathogens (neutrophils also have them). They grab onto the pathogen

33
Q

What does a macrophage release after it recognizes a pathogen (via TLR - pattern recognition receptor)?

A

IL-1 and TNF

34
Q

What is another name for a myeloblast?

A

A Colony Forming Unit (CFU)

35
Q

What does a macrophage/dendritic cell do with a pathogen once it has grabbed on (via TLR or CD14)?

A

It takes it to the lymphoid tissue

Immune System DrBeen (9 decks)

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